Canada's national parks are protected areas under the Canada National Parks Act, owned by the Government of Canada and administered for the benefit, education, and enjoyment of the people of Canada and its future generations.[1] National parks are administered by Parks Canada, a Crown agency operating under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. The goal of the national parks system is to set aside lands representing the country's 39 distinct natural regions described in the National Parks System Plan, primarily to protect the ecological integrity of the land, and secondarily to allow the public to explore, learn about and enjoy Canada's natural spaces.[2]
Canada's first national park was created in 1885 through an Order-in-Council[3] to reserve 26 km2 (10 sq mi) over the Cave and Basin Hot Springs to prevent the land from being sold for private development despite claims being made for it. Modelled after the American experience with Yellowstone National Park, the Rocky Mountains Park Act, adopted in 1887, established the Rocky Mountains Park (now Banff National Park).[4] The idea of a national park was popular and led to numerous proposals for the Ministry of the Interior to consider, including additional sites along the Canadian Pacific Railway (e.g. Yoho and Glacier and an expansion of Banff) and the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (e.g. Jasper). In 1911 the Rocky Mountains Park Act was replaced by the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act which created the world's first National Park Service, the Dominion Parks Branch, to administer national parks in Canada.[5] These early national parks, including those established under the leadership of JB Harkin who was the first commissioner of the Dominion Parks Branch, were set aside to reserve lands principally for tourism and conservation but also had an exclusionary policy prohibiting First Nations peoples from using their traditional lands within the new parks.[6] In 1922, Wood Buffalo National Park was the first to allow traditional indigenous activities to continue. In 1972, Parks Canada defined national park reserves as lands administered by the agency intended to become national parks pending settlement of indigenous land rights and agreements for continued traditional use of the lands.[7][8]
As of July 2021[update], there are 38 national parks, 10 national park reserves, and one national urban park, covering an area of approximately 342,456 km2 (132,223 sq mi),[9] or about 3.3% of the total land area of Canada, and representing 31 of its 39 natural regions. There is at least one park located in every one of the nation's 13 provinces and territories. Parks Canada reported attendance of 15,449,249 at all national parks and reserves in 2016–17, including over four million visits to the busiest park (Banff) and only two persons at the least-visited park (Tuktut Nogait).[10] Parks Canada additionally manages three National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCAs), a single NMCA Reserve, and the country's lone National Landmark. The Canada National Parks Act also allows for recognition of National Historic Sites that commemorate events, landmarks, or objects of national importance, and which may include similar levels of protection and administration as national parks.[1] Feasibility studies are underway to establish further national parks in unrepresented regions.[11]
National parks and national park reserves
National park reserves are indicated by "(Reserve)" after the park name. The national urban park is indicated by "(Urban)" after the park name.
| Name | Photo | Location | Established[12] | Area (2017)[12] | Natural region[13] | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akami-Uapishkᵘ-KakKasuak-Mealy Mountains (Reserve) |  | Newfoundland and Labrador 53°24′N 59°22′W / 53.400°N 59.367°W | July 31, 2015 | 10,700 km2 (4,131 sq mi) | East coast boreal | The park includes a portion of the glacially-rounded Mealy Mountains on Labrador from Lake Melville to Sandwich Bay and includes some sandy beaches along the coast of the Labrador Sea. |
| Aulavik |  | Northwest Territories 73°42′N 119°55′W / 73.700°N 119.917°W | 1992 | 12,200 km2 (4,710 sq mi) | Western arctic lowlands | Located on the northern part of Banks Island, the completely treeless polar desert of Aulavik is home to the world's largest concentration of muskoxen, as well as the endangered Peary caribou.[14] |
| Auyuittuq |  | Nunavut 67°53′N 65°01′W / 67.883°N 65.017°W | 2001 | 19,089 km2 (7,370 sq mi) | Northern Davis region | One of Canada's largest parks and located almost entirely within the Arctic Circle, Auyuittuq on Baffin Island preserves a rugged arctic wilderness featuring some of the highest peaks of the Canadian Shield.[15] |
| Banff * |  | Alberta 51°30′N 116°0′W / 51.500°N 116.000°W | November 25, 1885 | 6,641 km2 (2,564 sq mi) | Rocky Mountains | The first park established by the federal government of Canada, Banff includes the Valley of the Ten Peaks, the Wapta and Waputik Icefields, several ski resorts, and the communities of Lake Louise and Banff. It is part of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site and adjacent to Kootenay, Yoho, and Jasper National Parks. |
| Bruce Peninsula † |  | Ontario 45°14′N 81°37′W / 45.233°N 81.617°W | 1987 | 125 km2 (48 sq mi) | St. Lawrence lowlands | Formed from lands previously designated Ontario's Cyprus Lake Provincial Park, Bruce preserves a unique shoreline formation of the Niagara Escarpment and forms part of the larger UNESCO Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve. The Bruce Trail, one of Canada's longest hiking trails, passes through the park. The locally threatened massasauga rattlesnake is found within the park, as well as Canada's southernmost population of black bears.[12]: 142–143 |
| Cape Breton Highlands | .jpg) | Nova Scotia 46°43′N 60°40′W / 46.717°N 60.667°W | 1936 | 948 km2 (366 sq mi) | Maritime Acadian highlands | Atlantic Canada's oldest national park features Acadian and boreal forest environments in the Cape Breton Highlands. One-third of the Cabot Trail passes through the central portion of the park. Most of Nova Scotia's population of Canada lynx are found in this park, and the endangered North Atlantic right whale is found in waters off the park's coast.[12]: 42–43 [16] Western moose were introduced to this park from Alberta's Elk Island National Park between 1947 and 1948, the native eastern moose having been hunted to near-extinction.[17][18] Parks Canada started a four-year project with the Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources and other partners to begin to restore boreal forest regions within this park in 2014. |
| Elk Island † |  | Alberta 53°37′N 112°52′W / 53.617°N 112.867°W | 1913 | 194 km2 (75 sq mi) | Southern boreal plains & plateaux | Created as a wildlife sanctuary for elk, the park has become a part of bison conservation, the Beaver Hills Dark Sky Preserve, and the Beaver Hills Biosphere Reserve.[19] Eighteen moose (nine males and nine females) from Elk Island were introduced to Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Highlands National Park between 1947 and 1948.[18] |
| Forillon |  | Quebec 48°54′N 64°21′W / 48.900°N 64.350°W | June 8, 1970 (federal-provincial agreement) | 240 km2 (93 sq mi) | Notre Dame & Megantic Mountains | The lands of the first park in Quebec were traditional hunting and fishing grounds for the Mi'kmaq and Iroquois, and were exploited for their rich supplies of lumber.[12]: 98–99 Two hundred twenty-five families were controversially expropriated from the park lands prior to creation of the park in 1970. In 2011, the Government of Canada issued a formal apology to these families for their mistreatment.[20] |
| Fundy † |  | New Brunswick 45°36′N 64°57′W / 45.600°N 64.950°W | 1948 | 206 km2 (80 sq mi) | Maritime Acadian highlands | Featuring the highest tides in the world, the Bay of Fundy exposes ocean floor at low tide which is covered by up to 16 m (52 ft) of salt water at high tide.[21] The park forms the core portion of the UNESCO Fundy Biosphere Reserve. |
| Georgian Bay Islands † |  | Ontario 44°53′N 79°52′W / 44.883°N 79.867°W | 1930 | 14 km2 (5 sq mi) | Great Lakes—St. Lawrence precambrian region | Beausoleil Island is the largest of the small islands which make up the park, which originally included Flowerpot Island. The islands form part of the UNESCO Georgian Bay Littoral Biosphere Reserve. |
| Glacier |  | British Columbia 51°18′N 117°31′W / 51.300°N 117.517°W | October 10, 1886 | 1,349 km2 (521 sq mi) | Columbia Mountains | Representative of the Columbia Mountains natural region, this park includes Illecillewaet Glacier, Rogers Pass, Nakimu Caves, Mount Sir Donald, and Mount Dawson.[22] |
| Grasslands |  | Saskatchewan 49°12′N 107°43′W / 49.200°N 107.717°W | 1981 | 730 km2 (282 sq mi) (905 km2 (349 sq mi) proposed) | Prairie grasslands | Located along the borders with the American state of Montana, the park features an undisturbed mixed-grass prairie ecosystem and badlands where fossils from both the Frenchman and Bearpaw Formations were discovered including those of a Triceratops and a Tyrannosaurus.[23] |
| Gros Morne * |  | Newfoundland and Labrador 49°41′N 57°44′W / 49.683°N 57.733°W | October 1, 2005 (national park) August 1973 (national park reserve) | 1,805 km2 (697 sq mi) | Western Newfoundland highlands | A World Heritage Site due to its exposed mantle and crust as an example of plate tectonics, the park also includes Western Brook Pond, Lobster Cove, and Gros Morne mountain in the Long Range Mountains chain.[24] |
| Gulf Islands (Reserve) |  | British Columbia 48°51′N 123°27′W / 48.850°N 123.450°W | May 9, 2003 | 37 km2 (14 sq mi) | Strait of Georgia lowlands | Representative of the Strait of Georgia Lowlands, the park includes 6 km2 of marine environment and land on 15 islands.[25] |
| Gwaii Haanas *[a] (Reserve) |  | British Columbia 52°23′N 131°28′W / 52.383°N 131.467°W | 1988 | 1,474 km2 (569 sq mi) | Pacific coast mountains | Forming the southern end of the Haida Gwaii archipelago, the park is on the far western end of Canada and includes 138 islands, inclusive of Ninstints World Heritage Site, Hotspring Island, and the southern tip of Moresby Island. |
| Ivvavik[b] |  | Yukon 69°31′N 139°31′W / 69.517°N 139.517°W | 1984 | 9,750 km2 (3,764 sq mi) | Northern Yukon | Adjacent to Vuntut National Park and the American Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, the park has arctic tundra that was not glaciated during the last ice age and consequently contains the oldest river in Canada, the Firth River. Ivvavik is the first national park created as a result of an aboriginal land claim agreement, the Inuvialuit Final Agreement.[28] |
| Jasper * |  | Alberta 52°48′N 117°54′W / 52.800°N 117.900°W | September 14, 1907 | 11,228 km2 (4,335 sq mi) | Rocky Mountains | Part of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site and adjacent to the Banff National Parks, as well as Mount Robson and Hamber Provincial Parks in British Columbia, this park includes the community of Jasper, Columbia Icefield, Athabasca Falls, Sunwapta Falls, Maligne Lake, and canyon, and the Snow Dome, a hydrological apex of North America, at its boundary with the Banff National Park. |
| Kejimkujik † | .jpg) | Nova Scotia 44°24′N 65°13′W / 44.400°N 65.217°W | 1967 | 404 km2 (156 sq mi) | Atlantic coast plain | The area around Kejimikujik Lake was acquired by the federal government for park purposes in 1967 and added a 22 km2 seaside component in 1985. The inland portion was designated a National Historic Site in 1995 recognizing its Mi'kmaw cultural landscape and is adjacent to the Tobeatic Wilderness Area. The park is part of the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve and a dark-sky preserve.[29] |
| Kluane * (Park and Reserve)[c] |  | Yukon 60°37′N 138°20′W / 60.617°N 138.333°W | May 29, 1993 (Park) 1972 (Reserve) | 5,900 km2 (2,278 sq mi) (Park) 16,080 km2 (6,209 sq mi) (Reserve) | Northern coast mountains | Part of a World Heritage Site and adjacent to the U.S. Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and British Columbian Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park, Kluane features the highest mountain peaks in Canada, including Mount Logan, and the largest non-polar ice field in the world.[30] |
| Kootenay * |  | British Columbia 50°53′N 116°03′W / 50.883°N 116.050°W | April 21, 1920 | 1,406 km2 (543 sq mi) | Rocky Mountains | Part of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site and adjacent to the Banff and Yoho National Parks, as well as the Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park, the park is representative of the Rocky Mountains natural region and includes the Radium Hot Springs pools, an outcrop of the Burgess Shale fossil deposit, Numa Falls, and Floe Lake. |
| Kouchibouguac | .jpg) | New Brunswick 46°51′N 64°58′W / 46.850°N 64.967°W | 1969 | 239 km2 (92 sq mi) | Maritime plain | Located on the coast where the Kouchibouguac River enters the Northumberland Strait, across from the north end of Prince Edward Island, the park illustrates coastal dynamics, including tidal rivers, coastal dunes, salt marshes, bogs, and barrier islands.[31] |
| La Mauricie |  | Quebec 46°48′N 72°58′W / 46.800°N 72.967°W | August 22, 1970 | 536 km2 (207 sq mi) | Great Lakes—St. Lawrence precambrian region | Located north of Shawinigan, and between Saint-Maurice River, Matawin River, and Mastigouche Wildlife Reserve, the park features a canoe camping circuit and habitat for the wood turtle.[32] |
| Mingan Archipelago (Reserve) |  | Quebec 50°13′N 63°10′W / 50.217°N 63.167°W | 1984 | 151 km2 (58 sq mi) | St. Lawrence lowlands | Located along the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the park consists of the Mingan Archipelago with its limestone outcrops and Atlantic puffin habitat. |
| Mount Revelstoke |  | British Columbia 51°05′N 118°04′W / 51.083°N 118.067°W | 1914 | 262 km2 (101 sq mi) | Columbia Mountains | Accessible by a trail from the City of Revelstoke, the park is representative of the Columbia Mountains natural region.[22] |
| Nááts'ihch'oh (Reserve) |  | Northwest Territories 62°22′N 127°58′W / 62.367°N 127.967°W | December 18, 2014 | 4,850 km2 (1,873 sq mi) | Mackenzie Mountains | Adjacent to the Nahanni National Park, Nááts'įhch'oh extends the protected area into the Sahtu Settlement Area to include additional land with the South Nahanni River watershed to Mount Nááts'įhch'oh and the Moose Ponds.[33] |
| Nahanni * (Reserve) |  | Northwest Territories 61°33′N 125°35′W / 61.550°N 125.583°W | 1974 | 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi)[d] | Mackenzie Mountains | Containing the first natural World Heritage Site in Canada, the park includes the South Nahanni River, Virginia Falls, the Cirque of the Unclimbables, and a limestone cave system.[35] |
| Pacific Rim [e] (Reserve) |  | British Columbia 48°38′N 124°46′W / 48.633°N 124.767°W | 1970 | 510 km2 (197 sq mi) | Pacific coast mountains | Representative of the coastal plain portion of the Pacific Coast Mountains natural region, the park is divided into three separated parts: Long Beach, the Broken Group islands, and the West Coast Trail.[36] |
| Point Pelee |  | Ontario 41°58′N 82°31′W / 41.967°N 82.517°W | May 29, 1918 | 15 km2 (6 sq mi) | St. Lawrence lowlands | The first national park established for conservation, Point Pelee is the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, and also includes the southernmost point overall on Middle Island. The marshy wetland environment is a known stop for migratory birds and monarch butterflies,[37] and since 1987 is a Ramsar Convention Wetland of International Importance.[38] |
| Prince Albert |  | Saskatchewan 53°58′N 106°22′W / 53.967°N 106.367°W | March 24, 1927 | 3,875 km2 (1,496 sq mi) | Southern boreal plains & plateaux | Established with a recreation focus, the park includes a small community on the east end of Waskesiu Lake and features fescue grasslands with plains bison, boreal forest, and Ajawaan, Lavallée Lake, and other lakes.[39] |
| Prince Edward Island |  | Prince Edward Island 46°25′N 63°05′W / 46.417°N 63.083°W | 1937 | 27 km2 (10 sq mi) | Maritime plain | Sensitive sand beaches and dunes on the island's north shore provide nesting habitat for the endangered piping plover and are designated an Important Bird Area. An extension added in 1998 protects parabolic sand dunes and an area with archaeological evidence of Paleo-Indian occupation up to 10,000 years ago.[40] The park also encompasses Green Gables, the inspiration for the popular Anne of Green Gables novels.[12]: 62–63 |
| Pukaskwa |  | Ontario 48°15′N 85°53′W / 48.250°N 85.883°W | 1971 | 1,878 km2 (725 sq mi) | Central boreal uplands | Located on the Voyageur Hiking Trail and the longest stretch of undeveloped shoreline in the Great Lakes,[41] Pukaskwa protects an area of boreal forest largely untouched by logging and mining industries, owing to the terrain's remarkable ruggedness.[12] A large cluster of the Pukaskwa Pits are located within the park. |
| Qausuittuq |  | Nunavut 76°00′N 100°00′W / 76.000°N 100.000°W | September 1, 2015 | 11,008 km2 (4,250 sq mi) | Western high Arctic | Located on Bathurst Island, the park is adjacent to the Polar Bear Pass National Wildlife Area and protects Peary caribou and muskox habitat. |
| Quttinirpaaq[f] |  | Nunavut 82°13′N 72°13′W / 82.217°N 72.217°W | 1988 | 37,775 km2 (14,585 sq mi) | Eastern high Arctic | Located on the polar desert of Ellesmere Island at the northern tip of Canada, the park includes Tanquary Fiord, Barbeau Peak, Lake Hazen, and Fort Conger. |
| Riding Mountain † |  | Manitoba 50°52′N 100°02′W / 50.867°N 100.033°W | May 30, 1933 | 2,968 km2 (1,146 sq mi) | Southern boreal plains & plateaux | Part of the Riding Mountain Biosphere Reserve,[43] the park features both boreal and aspen forests among the larger grassland prairie landscape, interspersed with pothole lakes and marshes. The park has an outdoor recreation focus and includes the community of Wasagaming, the East Gate National Historic Site, and formerly the Whitewater prisoners-of-war camp.[44] |
| Rouge (Urban) |  | Ontario 43°56′N 79°14′W / 43.933°N 79.233°W | May 15, 2015 | 79.1 km2 (31 sq mi) | St. Lawrence lowlands | Located in the Greater Toronto Area beginning at the mouth of the Rouge River and through the east end of Toronto and Markham, the park includes riparian corridors and wetlands with habitat for the Blanding's turtle, as well as Bead Hill National Historic Site. |
| Sable Island (Reserve) |  | Nova Scotia 43°57′N 59°55′W / 43.950°N 59.917°W | June 20, 2013 | 30 km2 (12 sq mi) | Atlantic coast plain | Consisting of Sable Island at the edge of the continental shelf off the coast of Nova Scotia, the island of sand is home to the Sable Island horse and provides habitat for grey seals and beach grass. |
| Sirmilik |  | Nunavut 72°59′N 81°8′W / 72.983°N 81.133°W | 2001 | 22,200 km2 (8,571 sq mi) | Eastern Arctic lowlands[45] | Located on the eastern end of Nunavut, Sirmilik consists of the Byam Martin Mountains of Bylot Island and Baffin Island's Borden Peninsula and Oliver Sound. |
| Terra Nova |  | Newfoundland and Labrador 48°32′N 53°56′W / 48.533°N 53.933°W | 1957 | 399 km2 (154 sq mi) | Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic region | The easternmost national park, Terra Nova is located on the east coast of Newfoundland along the Trans-Canada Highway. The park is characteristic of the Newfoundland landscape of low relief and rounded hills, and a rocky coastline of arms, sounds, coves, inlets, sea arches, and caves, as well as habitat for the Newfoundland pine marten.[46] |
| Thaidene Nëné (Reserve) |  | Northwest Territories 62°30′N 111°00′W / 62.500°N 111.000°W | August 21, 2019 | 14,305 km2 (5,523 sq mi)[47] | Northwestern boreal uplands[48] | Thaidene Nëné, which translates in Canadian English as "Land of the Ancestors", is a protected area that spans 6.5 million acres (26,376 km2) at the transition between boreal forest and tundra. It includes the East Arm of Great Slave Lake, the deepest freshwater source in North America, and provides habitat for red fox, black bear, wolf packs, grizzly bear, lynx, wolverine, marten, Arctic fox, moose, beaver, muskoxen, and critical wintry weather for the last herds of barren-ground caribou. |
| Thousand Islands † |  | Ontario 44°21′N 75°57′W / 44.350°N 75.950°W | 1904 | 24 km2 (9 sq mi) | St. Lawrence lowlands | Oldest national park east of the Prairies, it is scattered over all or portions of 26 islands and 80 islets and shoals in the St. Lawrence River, as well as several mainland properties in Leeds and Grenville, east of Kingston, and within the Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve. |
| Torngat Mountains |  | Newfoundland and Labrador 59°26′N 63°52′W / 59.433°N 63.867°W | July 10, 2008 | 9,700 km2 (3,745 sq mi) | Northern Labrador mountains | Located on the northernmost tip of Labrador, adjacent to Quebec's Kuururjuaq Park, and established as part of Inuit Land Claims Agreements, the park includes the Torngat Mountains, Labrador Sea coastline, and Pre-Dorset, Dorset, and Thule archaeological finds.[49] |
| Tuktut Nogait |  | Northwest Territories 68°49′N 121°45′W / 68.817°N 121.750°W | 1998 | 18,181 km2 (7,020 sq mi) | Tundra hills | Within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, the park was created to protect the Bluenose-West caribou herd and harvesting rights for the Inuvialuit people. It was expanded in 2005 to include a portion of the Sahtu Settlement Area.[50] |
| Ukkusiksalik |  | Nunavut 65°21′N 87°18′W / 65.350°N 87.300°W | August 23, 2003 | 20,880 km2 (8,062 sq mi) | Central tundra[51] | Named after the Inuit word for soapstone, the park surrounds Wager Bay which is maternity denning areas for polar bears and includes cultural relics of the Dorset and Thule and Aivilingmiut people.[51] |
| Vuntut |  | Yukon 68°22′N 139°51′W / 68.367°N 139.850°W | 1993 | 4,345 km2 (1,678 sq mi) | Northern Yukon | Adjacent to the Ivvavik National Park and the American Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, the park area was not glaciated during the last ice age and now hosts Pleistocene fossil sites. Remote and inaccessible by road, the park was established, and is operated, in collaboration with the Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation as part of that nation's Final Agreement with Canada.[52] |
| Wapusk |  | Manitoba 57°46′N 93°22′W / 57.767°N 93.367°W | 1996 | 11,475 km2 (4,431 sq mi) | Hudson—James lowlands | Created from a portion of the provincial Churchill Wildlife Management Area, Wapusk helps protect the land base that act as maternity denning areas for polar bears.[53] |
| Waterton Lakes ‡[g] |  | Alberta 49°03′N 113°55′W / 49.050°N 113.917°W | May 30, 1895 | 505 km2 (195 sq mi) | Rocky Mountains | Coupled with American neighbour Glacier National Park in Montana, the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park is both a World Heritage Site and the oldest transboundary protected area in the world. Anchored by Waterton Lake, home of the historic Prince of Wales Hotel, the park is famous for hiking attractions such as the Crypt Lake Trail. |
| Wood Buffalo * |  | Alberta / Northwest Territories 59°23′N 112°59′W / 59.383°N 112.983°W | 1922 | 44,972 km2 (17,364 sq mi) | Northern boreal plains | The largest park in Canada, the park protects the habitat of the wood bison and the breeding grounds of the whooping crane and much of the Peace–Athabasca Delta. It is also a World Heritage Site and the world's largest dark-sky preserve. |
| Yoho * | .jpg) | British Columbia 51°24′N 116°29′W / 51.400°N 116.483°W | October 10, 1886 | 1,313 km2 (507 sq mi) | Rocky Mountains | Part of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site and adjacent to the Banff and Kootenay National Parks, Yoho includes the community of Field, Burgess Shale fossil deposit, Emerald Lake, Takakkaw Falls, and Kicking Horse River. |
By province/territory
Proposed National Park Reserves
The following are areas which Parks Canada is in the process of evaluating as potential parks. While they may be reserved from alienation or have federal-provincial/territorial agreements, they have not been formally established through legislation as parks.
| Name | Location | Area | Natural region |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manitoba Lowlands[55] | Manitoba 53°46′N 99°4′W / 53.767°N 99.067°W | Approx. 5,000 km2 (1,931 sq mi)[56] | Manitoba lowlands |
| Pituamkek[57][58] | Prince Edward Island | TBD | Maritime plain |
| South Okanagan—Similkameen[59] | British Columbia 49°4′N 119°41′W / 49.067°N 119.683°W | Approx. 284 km2 (110 sq mi)[60] | Interior dry plateau[60] |
There remain six Natural Regions unrepresented by either current or proposed parks.[61] As Parks Canada has a long-term goal of preserving representative areas of all Natural Regions, future parks will likely be established in these areas.[62] These regions are:
- the "Boreal Lake Plateau" region of Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec
- the "Laurentian Boreal Highlands" region of Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec
- the "Northern Interior Plateaux and Mountains" region of British Columbia and Yukon
- the "Southampton Plain" region of Nunavut
- the "Ungava Tundra Plateau" region of Quebec and Nunavut
- the "Whale River" region of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nunavut, and Quebec
Abolished national parks
| Name | Location | Established | Abolished |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brereton Lake Dominion Park[63] | Manitoba | 1922 | 1930 |
| Buffalo National Park[64] | Alberta | March 7, 1908 | July 17, 1947 |
| Menissawok National Park[1] | Saskatchewan | May 31, 1922 | May 30, 1930 |
| Nemiskam National Park[64] | Alberta | 1914 | July 17, 1947 |
| Vidal Point Dominion Park[65] | Saskatchewan | October 31, 1921 | May 30, 1930 |
| Wawaskesy National Park[66] | Alberta | May 31, 1922 | June 24, 1938 |
- Brereton and Vidal were transferred to provincial jurisdiction, both continuing as (renamed) provincial parks.
- Buffalo, Menissawok, Nemiskam and Wawaskesy were created expressly to protect and regenerate dangerously low populations of bison and pronghorn, and were delisted when those populations improved.
National Marine Conservation Areas
National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCAs) is a program established in 2002 with the goal of preserving marine ecosystems representing the 29 marine regions of Canada.[67] They are designed for sustainable use, although they usually also contain areas designed to protect ecological integrity. National Marine Conservation Area Reserves are protected areas proposed to be added to the NMCA system pending settlement of indigenous land and water rights. In the interim, they are administered under park rules.[68]
As of 2020[update], established NMCAs and NMCA Reserves protect 14,846 km2 (5,732 sq mi) of waters, wetlands, and coastlines, representing five of the 29 identified marine regions with studies underway for protected areas in three additional regions.[67]
| Name | Photo | Location | Established[12] | Area (2017)[12] | Marine region[67] | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fathom Five † |  | Ontario 45°19′N 81°38′W / 45.317°N 81.633°W | July 20, 1987 | 114 km2 (44 sq mi) | Georgian Bay | The marine counterpart to Bruce National Park, Fathom Five is named for a line in Shakespeare's The Tempest. The first marine unit in the national parks system preserves a unique aquatic environment and several small islands including Flowerpot Island. The unusually clear waters and numerous shipwrecks on the shoals of Georgian Bay make the park a popular destination for scuba divers.[12]: 189 |
| Gwaii Haanas (Reserve) | .jpg) | British Columbia 52°0′N 131°12′W / 52.000°N 131.200°W | June 11, 2010 | 1,500 km2 (579 sq mi)[69] | Hecate Strait, Queen Charlotte Shelf | Along with the national park reserve of the same name, Gwaii Haanas protects an area extending from the ocean floor of the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Basin to the mountains of the Haida Gwaii. The marine reserve preserves the Haida people's traditional use of the waters while protecting the area from oil exploration and commercial fishing.[12]: 299 |
| Lake Superior |  | Ontario 48°26′N 89°13′W / 48.433°N 89.217°W | September 1, 2015 | 10,880 km2 (4,201 sq mi) | Lake Superior | Adjacent to the United States' Isle Royale National Park and several Ontario provincial parks, Lake Superior NMCA forms part of the world's largest freshwater reserve.[70] |
| Saguenay–St. Lawrence † | .JPG) | Quebec 48°4′N 69°40′W / 48.067°N 69.667°W | June 8, 1998 | 1,245 km2 (481 sq mi)[71] | St. Lawrence Estuary | Located at the confluence of the Saguenay and St. Lawrence rivers and adjacent to Quebec's Saguenay Fjord National Park, Saguenay–St. Lawrence protects a portion of the St. Lawrence estuary, a common feeding ground for marine mammals such as the endangered St. Lawrence beluga whale. |
Proposed National Marine Conservation Areas
| Study area | Location | Area | Marine region[67] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Magdalen Islands[72][73] | Quebec 47°35′N 61°32′W / 47.583°N 61.533°W | 16,500 km2 (6,371 sq mi) | Magdalen shallows |
| Southern Strait of Georgia[74] (Reserve) | British Columbia 49°18′N 123°48′W / 49.300°N 123.800°W | 1,400 km2 (541 sq mi) | Strait of Georgia |
| Tallurutiup Imanga[75] | Nunavut 74°13′N 84°0′W / 74.217°N 84.000°W | 109,000 km2 (42,085 sq mi) | Lancaster Sound |
National Landmarks
The National Landmarks program was established in 1978 to protect specific natural features considered "outstanding, exceptional, unique, or rare to this country. These natural features would typically be isolated entities and of scientific interest."[76] The enabling legislation expired 10 years later, and was not renewed. Pingo National Landmark was the only such unit established in that time.
| Name | Photo | Location | Established[12] | Area (2017)[12] | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pingo |  | Northwest Territories 69°24′N 133°05′W / 69.400°N 133.083°W | July 25, 1984 | 16 km2 (6 sq mi) | Located on the shore of the Arctic Ocean, Canada's only National Landmark preserves eight ice-cored mounds known as pingos including Canada's largest, Ibyuk Pingo, along with other land and ice formations unique to the permafrost environment. |
Provincial parks categorized as national parks
Provincial and territorial parks are administered and funded by their respective governments. However, Quebec has named its provincial parks “national parks”, though none are in the national park system.
Some sub-national parks are categorized by the IUCN under the umbrella term national parks (Category II) in its global Protected Area Management Categories. As of 2011, there were more than 1500 Category II-listed areas across the country, including nearly 700 in B.C., and at least 500 in Ontario. Only Quebec uses the term “national park” for such provincial areas, using the IUCN’s category name as justification.
In addition to the national park system, several federal agencies manage natural, scientific, and recreational areas. In the National Capital Region, a number of parklands come under the jurisdiction of the National Capital Commission, including Gatineau Park in Quebec. None of these are part of the national park system.
See also
Notes
References
External links
- National Parks of Canada
- National Marine Conservation Areas of Canada
- World Heritage Sites in Canada
- The Canada Guide