Pycnonotidae

Pycnonotidae sunt familiae oscenum magnitudinis mediae subordinis Passerorum, et Pycnonotidas Africanas insigniter comprehendit. Omnis familia trans plurimam Africam usque ad regiones Levantis, ab Asia tropica in Indonesiam, atque in septentriones usque ad Iaponiam distribuitur. Nonnullae species insulares in tropicis Oceani Indici insulis endemicae sunt. Omni familiae sunt plus quam centum quinquaginta species in viginti septem genera digestae. Variae species in variissimis habitationibus inveniuntur, sed species Africanae plerumque in silvis pluvialibus, speciesque Asianae plerumque in agris apertioribus habitant.

Hypsipetes amaurotis

Animalia — Chordata

Classis : Aves
Psittacopasserae
Ordo : Passeriformes
Subordo : Passeri
Infraordo : Passerida
Familia : Pycnonotidae
Gray, GR, 1840

Subdivisiones: Genera

Vide commentarium.

Synonyma

* Brachypodidae Swainson, 1831

Trichophoridae Swainson, 1831
Ixosidae Bonaparte, 1838
Hypsipetidae Bonaparte, 1854
Crinigeridae Bonaparte, 1854 (1831)
Phyllastrephidae Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1879
Tyladidae Oberholser, 1917
Spizixidae Oberholser, 1919

Systematica

Familiae hodie sunt viginti septem genera descripta.^[1]

Genus Nok
Genus Spizixos (2 species)

Genus Pycnonotus (49 species)
Genus Arizelocichla (12 species)
Genus Stelgidillas
Genus Eurillas (5 species)
Genus Andropadus
Genus Calyptocichla
Genus Baeopogon (2 species)
Genus Ixonotus
Genus Chlorocichla (5 species)
Genus Atimastillas
Genus Thescelocichla
Genus Phyllastrephus (21 species)
Genus Bleda (4 species)
Genus Criniger (5 species)
Genus Alophoixus (7 species)
Genus Acritillas
Genus Setornis
Genus Tricholestes
Genus Iole (6 species)
Genus Ixos (4 species)
Genus Thapsinillas (3 species)
Genus Hemixos (3 species)
Genus Hypsipetes (15 species exstantes et 1 species exstincta)
Genus Cerasophila
Genus Neolestes

Cladogramma

cladus Africanus

Andropadus

	Stelgidillas

	Calyptocichla

Neolestes

Bleda (5 species)

Atimastillas

	Ixonotus

	Thescelocichla

Arizelocichla montana

Chlorocichla (5 species)

	Chlorocichla simplex

	Baeopogon (2 species)

Arizelocichla (12 species)

	Criniger (5 species)

	Eurillas (5 species)

Phyllastrephus (20 species)

cladus plerumque Asianus

Tricholestes

	Setornis

	Alophoixus (8 species)

Alcurus (2 species)

Iole (7 species)

	Hemixos (4 species)

	Acritillas

	Ixos (5 species)

	Hypsipetes (19 species)

	Euptilotus

	Microtarsus

	Poliolophus

	Brachypodius (4 species)

	Ixodia (3 species)

	Rubigula (5 species)

	Nok

	Spizixos (2 species)

Pycnonotus (32 species)

Phylogenia ex investigationibus Subir Shakya et Friderici Shelden anno 2017 divulgatis cum generibus refectis in indice pro International Ornithological Committee facto.^[2]^[3] Genera Chlorocichla et Arizelocichla hodie definita monophyletica non sunt.

Descriptio

Pycnonotidae sunt passeri tenues collisque brevibus. Caudae sunt longae, alae breves et rotundae. Rostrum in paene omnibus speciebus est aliquantulum praelongum et in apice aliquantulum hamatum. Species longitudine a 13 centimetris in Phyllastrepho albigula ad 29 centimetra in Pycnonoto zeylanico variant. Sexus plerumque sunt similes, sed feminae aliquantulum breviores crescere solent; in aliquot autem speciebus, variationes sunt tam magnae ut efficienter aliae species descriptae sunt. Molles nonnullarum specierum pinnae sunt coloratae, cloacis, genis, aut superciliis flavis, rubris, aut auranitis, sed plurimae sunt cinereae, pinnis fuscis olivaceis ad nigras. Specibus quibus sunt oculi hebites saepe sunt anuli oculares oppositi. Nonnullae sunt cristae distinctissimae. Pycnonotidae sunt vehementer vocales, et vocationes plurimarum specierum describuntur sicut de naribus loquentes, vel glareae similes. Unus auctor dixit carmen Hypsipetis amaurotis esse "invenustissimum stridorem ab ulla ave factum."^[4]^[5]

Notae

Bibliographia

Beresford, P., F. K. Barker, P. G. Ryan, et T. M. Crowe. 2005. "African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas.'" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 272 (1565): 849–58. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2997. PMC 1599865. PMID 15888418.
Cibois, Alice. 2001. "Am Endemic Radiation of Malagasy Songbirds Is Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data." Evolution. 55 (6): 1198. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2. PMID 11475055.
Delacour, J. 1943. "A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls)." Zoologica 28 (1): 17–28.
Fishpool L., et J. Tobias. 2005. "Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls)." In Handbook of the Birds of the World: Volume 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes, ed. J. del Hoyo, A. Elliot, et D. Christie. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-72-5.
Moyle, Robert G. 2006. "Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (3): 687–95. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.015. PMID 16750401.
Pasquet, Éric, Lian-Xian Han, Obhas Khobkhet, et Alice Cibois. 2001. "Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger, and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae)." Zoosystema 23 (4): 857–63. PDF, archivum.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Pycnonotidas spectant.

Situs scientifici: • ITIS • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • WoRMS: Marine Species • Fossilworks

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Search