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ผู้ใช้:EZBELLA/กระบะทราย4

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นี้เป็นรายชื่อ จุดที่สุดในโลกสถานที่ทางภูมิศาสตร์ที่อยู่เหนือสุด ใต้สุด สูงสุด ต่ำสุด ไกลจากทะเลที่สุดหรือไกลจากแผ่นดินที่สุดและสถานที่ทางภูมิศาสตร์อื่น ๆ ในผืนดิน ทวีปหรือประเทศ

สำหรับรายชื่ออื่น ๆ อย่างสถานที่ สภาพอากาศ อุณหภูมิดูที่ที่สุดในโลก รายชื่อจุดสุดยอดและรายชื่อสถิติสภาพอากาศ สำหรับประเทศไทยดูที่ที่สุดในประเทศไทย

โลก

ละติจูดและลองจิจูด

Elevation

Highest points

Chimborazo, Ecuador
  • The highest point on the Earth's surface measured from sea level is the summit of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and China. While measurements of its height vary slightly, the elevation of its peak is usually given as 8,848 m (29,029 ฟุต) above sea level. It was first reached by Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Sherpa of Nepal Tenzing Norgay in 1953 (with speculation that it may have been reached in 1924).
  • The point farthest from the Earth's center is the summit of Chimborazo[3] in Ecuador, at 6,384.4 กิโลเมตร (3,967.1 ไมล์) from the center of the earth (the peak's elevation in relation to sea level is 6,263.47 m (20,549 ft)).[note 2] This is because the Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere: it is wider at the equator and narrower between the poles. Therefore, the summit of Chimborazo, which is near the equator, is farther away from the center of the Earth than the summit of Mount Everest (the summit of Mount Everest is 2,168 m (7,112.9 ฟุต) closer, at 6,382.3 km (3,965.8 ไมล์) to the Earth's center). Peru's Huascarán (at 6,768 เมตร (22,205 ฟุต)) contends closely with Chimborazo, the difference in the mountains' heights being just 23 m (75 ฟุต).
  • The fastest point on Earth, or in other words, the point furthest from the axis of Earth is the summit of Cayambe[5] in Ecuador at 1,675.89 km/h (1,041 mph) and 6,383.95 km (3,967 mi) from the axis. Like Chimborazo, which is the fourth fastest peak at 1,675.47 km/h (1,041 mph), it is close to the equator and takes advantage of the oblate spheroid nature of the Earth. More importantly, however, it being so near the equator means that the majority of it's distance from the center of the Earth goes into it being away from the axis. The importance of latitude becomes most apparent when one looks a the Challenger Deep (speed of 1,639.15 km/h (1,019 mph)) compared to Mount Everest (speed of 1,481.67 km/h (921 mph)).
Highest points attainable by transportation
  • The highest point accessible...
    • ...by land vehicle is an elevation of 6,688 เมตร (21,942 ฟุต) on Ojos del Salado in Chile, which was reached by the Chilean duo of Gonzalo Bravo G. and Eduardo Canales Moya on 21 April 2007 with a modified Suzuki Samurai, setting the high-altitude record for a four-wheeled vehicle.
    • ...by road (dead end) is on a mining road to the summit of Aucanquilcha in Chile, which reaches an elevation of 6,176 m (20,262 ฟุต). It was once usable by 20-tonne mining trucks.[6] The road is no longer usable. 21°12′50″S 68°28′30″W / 21.214°S 68.475°W / -21.214; -68.475
    • ...by road (mountain pass) is disputed; there are a number of competing claims for this title due to the definition of "motorable pass" (i.e. a surfaced road or one simply passable by a vehicle):
      • The highest asphalted road crosses Tibet's Semo La pass at 5,565 m (18,258 ฟุต). It is used by trucks and buses regularly.[7] The Ticlio pass, on the Central Road of Peru, is the highest surfaced road in the Americas, at an elevation of 4,818 m (15,807 ฟุต).
      • The highest unsurfaced road is claimed by several different roads. All are unsurfaced or gravel roads including the barely passable road to Umling La, 17 กิโลเมตร (11 ไมล์) west of Demchok in Ladakh, India, which reaches 5,800 m (19,029 ฟุต) ("19,300 feet" according to a Border Roads Organisation sign there that recognizes it as the "World's Highest Motorable Pass"),[8] and Mana Pass, between India and Tibet, which is crossed by a gravel road reaching 5,610 m (18,406 ฟุต). The heavily trafficked Khardung La in Ladakh lies at 5,359 m (17,582 ฟุต). A possibly motorable gravel road crosses Marsimik La in Ladakh at 5,582 m (18,314 ฟุต).
    • ...by train is Tanggula Pass, located on the Qinghai–Tibet (Qingzang) Railway in the Tanggula Mountains of Qinghai/Tibet, China, at 5,072 m (16,640 ฟุต). The Tanggula railway station is the world's highest railway station at 5,068 m (16,627 ฟุต). Before the Qingzang Railway was built, the highest railway ran between Lima and Huancayo in Peru, reaching 4,829 m (15,843 ฟุต) at Ticlio.[9]
    • ...by oceangoing vessel is a segment of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks in Bavaria, Germany. The locks artificially raise the surface level of the water in the canal to 406 m (1,332 ฟุต) above mean sea level, higher than any other lock system in the world, making it the highest point currently accessible by oceangoing commercial watercraft.
La Rinconada, Peru
  • The highest commercial airport is Daocheng Yading Airport, Sichuan, China, at 4,411 m (14,472 ฟุต).[10] The proposed Nagqu Dagring Airport in Tibet, China, if built, will be 25 m (82 ฟุต) higher at 4,436 m (14,554 ฟุต).
  • The highest helipad is Sonam, Siachen Glacier, India, at a height of 6,400 m (20,997 ฟุต) above sea level.[11]
  • The highest permanent human settlement is La Rinconada, Peru, 5,100 m (16,732 ฟุต), in the Peruvian Andes.
  • The farthest road from the Earth's center is the Road to Carrel Hut in the Ecuadorian Andes, at an elevation of 4,850 m (15,912 ฟุต) above sea level and a distance of 6,382.9 km (3,966 ไมล์) from the center of the Earth.[12]
Highest geographical features
  • The highest volcano is Ojos del Salado on the Argentina–Chile border. It has the highest summit, 6,893 m (22,615 ฟุต), of any volcano on Earth.
  • The highest natural lake is an unnamed crater lake on Ojos del Salado at 6,390 m (20,965 ฟุต),[13] on the Argentina side. Another candidate is Lhagba Pool on the northeast slopes of Mount Everest, Tibet, China, at an elevation of 6,368 m (20,892 ฟุต).[14]
  • The highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca, on the border of Bolivia and Peru in the Andes, at 3,812 m (12,507 ฟุต).
  • The highest glacier is the Khumbu Glacier on the southwest slopes of Mount Everest in Nepal, beginning on the west side of Lhotse at an elevation of 7,600 ถึง 8,000 m (24,900 ถึง 26,200 ฟุต).[15]
  • The highest river is disputed; one candidate from many possibilities is the Ating Ho, which flows into the Aong Tso (Hagung Tso), a large lake in Tibet, China, and has an elevation of about 6,100 m (20,013 ฟุต) at its source at 32°49′30″N 81°03′45″E / 32.82500°N 81.06250°E / 32.82500; 81.06250 (Ating Ho (source)). A very large and high river is the Yarlung Tsangpo or upper Brahmaputra River in Tibet, China, whose main stem, the Maquan River, has its source at about 6,020 m (19,751 ฟุต) above sea level at 30°48′59″N 82°42′45″E / 30.81639°N 82.71250°E / 30.81639; 82.71250 (Maquan River (source)).[16] Above these elevations, there are no constantly flowing rivers since the temperature is almost always below freezing.
  • The highest island is one of a number of islands in the Orba Co lake in Tibet, China, at an elevation of 5,209 m (17,090 ฟุต).[17]

Lowest points

Lowest artificial points
  • The lowest point underground ever reached was 12,262 m (40,230 ฟุต) deep (SG-3 at Kola superdeep borehole).
  • The lowest human-sized point underground is 3,900 m (12,800 ฟุต)[18] below ground at the TauTona Mine, Carletonville, South Africa.
  • The lowest (from sea level) artificially made point with open sky may be the Hambach surface mine, Germany, which reaches a depth of 293 m (961 ฟุต) below sea level.
  • The lowest (from surface) artificially made point with open sky may be the Bingham Canyon open-pit mine, Salt Lake City, United States, at a depth of 1,200 m (3,900 ฟุต) below surface level.
  • The lowest point underwater is the 10,685 m (35,056 ฟุต)-deep (as measured from the subsea wellhead) oil and gas well drilled on the Tiber Oil Field in the Gulf of Mexico. The wellhead of this well was an additional 1,259 m (4,131 ฟุต) underwater for a total distance of 11,944 m (39,186 ฟุต) as measured from sea level.[19]28°44′12″N 88°23′13″W / 28.736667°N 88.386944°W / 28.736667; -88.386944
Lowest natural points
  • The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 11,034 m (36,201 ฟุต) below sea level.[20] Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste, and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger.
  • The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 m (6,600 ฟุต) under the Earth's surface. For example, the altitude difference between the entrance and the deepest explored point (the maximum depth) of the Krubera Cave in Georgia is 2,191 ± 20 m (7,188 ± 66 ฟุต). In 2012, Ukrainian cave diver Gennadiy Samokhin reached the lowest point, breaking the world record.[21]
  • The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under the Byrd Glacier in Antarctica, which reaches 2,780 m (9,121 ฟุต) below sea level.[22] It is, however, covered by a thick layer of ice.
The shore of the Dead Sea in Israel
  • The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Jordan, Palestine, and Israel, 418 m (1,371 ฟุต) below sea level.
  • The point closest to the Earth's center on the Earth's surface (interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person) is the surface of the Arctic Ocean at the Geographic North Pole (6,356.77 km หรือ 3,950 ไมล์).
    • The closest point on the ground (interpreted as a land surface or sea floor) is the bottom of the Litke Deep, the deepest point of the Arctic Ocean, which is 6,351.61 km (3,947 ไมล์) from the center of the Earth. By comparison, the bottom of the deepest oceanic trench in the world, the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, is 14.7 km (9 ไมล์) farther from the center of the Earth.
Lowest points attainable by transportation
  • The lowest point accessible...
    • ...by road, excluding roads in mines, is any of the roads alongside the Dead Sea in Israel and Jordan, which are the lowest on Earth at 418 m (1,371 ฟุต) below sea level.
      • The lowest undersea highway tunnel is the Eiksund Tunnel, in Norway, at 287 m (942 ฟุต) below sea level.
    • ...by train, excluding the tracks inside some South African gold mines, which can be several thousand meters below sea level, is located in the Seikan Tunnel of Japan railroad, at 240 m (787 ฟุต) below sea level. By way of comparison, the undersea Channel Tunnel between England and France reaches a depth of 75 m (246 ฟุต) below sea level.

The lowest railroad station was the Japanese Yoshioka-Kaitei Station, at 150 m (492 ฟุต) below sea level, but it was closed in 2014. The lowest railroad not inside a tunnel is 71 m (233 ฟุต) below sea level, on the Mojave Desert between Yuma, Arizona, and Palm Springs, California, in the United States of America.[9]

  • The lowest airfield is the Bar Yehuda Airfield (MTZ), near Masada, Israel, at 378 m (1,240 ฟุต) below sea level.
  • The lowest commercial airport is Atyrau Airport (GUW), near Atyrau, Kazakhstan, at 22 m (72 ฟุต) below sea level, in the basin of the Caspian Sea.
Lowest cities

Baku is located 28 metres (92 ft) below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level.

Remoteness

Poles of inaccessibility

Each continent has its own continental pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean. Similarly, each ocean has its own oceanic pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any land.

Continental
If adopted, this would place the final EPIA roughly 130 km (81 ไมล์) closer to the ocean than the point that is currently agreed upon.[23] Coincidentally, EPIA1, or EPIA2, and the most remote of the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility (specifically, the point in the South Pacific Ocean that is farthest from land) are similarly remote; EPIA1 is less than 200 km (120 ไมล์) closer to the ocean than the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility is to land.
Oceanic

Other places considered the most remote

Bouvet Island
  • The most remote island is Bouvet Island, a small, uninhabited island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is a dependency of Norway. It lies at coordinates 54°26′S 3°24′E / 54.433°S 3.400°E / -54.433; 3.400 (most remote island). The nearest land is the uninhabited Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, over 1,600 km (994 mi) to the south. The nearest inhabited lands are Tristan da Cunha, 2,260 km (1,404 mi) away, and the coast of South Africa, 2,580 km (1,603 mi) away.
  • The title for most remote inhabited island or archipelago (the farthest away from any other permanently inhabited place) depends on how the question is interpreted. If the south Atlantic island Tristan da Cunha (population about 300) and its dependency Gough Island (with a small staffed research post), which are 399 km (248 mi) from each other, are considered part of the same archipelago, or if Gough Island is not counted because it has no permanent residents, then Tristan da Cunha is the world's most remote inhabited island/archipelago: the main island, also called Tristan da Cunha, is 2,434 km (1,512 mi) from the island Saint Helena, 2,816 km (1,750 mi) from South Africa, and 3,360 km (2,090 ไมล์) from South America. It is 1,845 km (1,146 mi) away from uninhabited Bouvet Island. However, if Gough and Tristan da Cunha are considered separately, they disqualify each other, and the most remote inhabited island is Easter Island in the South Pacific Ocean, which lies 2,075 กิโลเมตร (1,289 ไมล์) from Pitcairn Island (about 50 residents in 2013), 2,606 km (1,619 mi) from Rikitea on the island of Mangareva (the nearest town with a population over 500), and 3,512 กิโลเมตร (2,182 ไมล์) from the coast of Chile (the nearest continental point). The Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean are another contender, lying 1,340 กิโลเมตร (830 ไมล์) from the small Alfred Faure scientific station in Île de la Possession, but otherwise more than 3,300 กิโลเมตร (2,100 ไมล์) from the coast of Madagascar (the nearest permanently inhabited place), 450 km (280 mi) northwest of uninhabited Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and 1,440 km (890 mi) from the non-permanent scientific station located in Île Amsterdam.
  • The most remote city...
    • ...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population in excess of one million is Auckland, New Zealand. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Sydney, Australia, 2,168.9 กิโลเมตร (1,347.7 ไมล์) away.[26]
    • ...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population above 100,000 is Perth, Australia, located 2,138 กิโลเมตร (1,328 ไมล์)[27] away from Adelaide, Australia.
    • ...with a population in excess of 100,000 from the nearest city of at least that population is Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is San Francisco, 3,850 km (2,390 ไมล์) away.[28]
    • ...that is a national capital from the nearest national capital is a tie between Wellington, New Zealand, and Canberra, Australia, which are 2,326 km (1,445 mi) apart from each other.
  • The most remote airport in the world from another airport is Mataveri International Airport (IPC) on Easter Island, which has a single runway for military and public use. It is located 2,603 km (1,617 mi) from Totegegie Airport (GMR; very few flights) in the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia and 3,759 km (2,336 mi) from Santiago, Chile (SCL; a fairly large airport). In comparison, the airport at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (NZSP) is not very remote at all, being located only 1,355 กิโลเมตร (842 ไมล์) from Williams Field (NZWD) near Ross Island.[29]

Farthest-apart cities

The pairs of cities (with a population over 100,000) with the greatest distance between them are:[30]

  1. Rosario, Argentina to Xinghua, China: 19,996 km (12,425 mi)[31]
  2. Lu'an, China to Río Cuarto, Argentina: 19,994 km (12,424 mi)[32]
  3. Cuenca, Ecuador to Subang Jaya, Malaysia: 19,989 km (12,421 mi)[33]
  4. Salamanca, Spain to Lower Hutt, New Zealand: 19,961 km (12,403 mi)[34]
  5. Marbella, Spain to Auckland, New Zealand: 19,960 km (12,403 mi)[35]

Center

  • Since the Earth is a spheroid, its centre (the core) is thousands of kilometres beneath its crust. On the surface, the center of the standard geographic model as viewed on a traditional world map is the point 0°, 0° (the coordinates of zero degrees latitude by zero degrees longitude), which is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 614 km (382 ไมล์) south of Accra, Ghana, in the Gulf of Guinea, at the intersection of the Equator and the Prime Meridian. However, the selection for the Prime Meridian as the 0° longitude meridian is culturally and historically dependent and therefore arbitrary.
  • The center of population, the place to which there is the shortest average route for every individual human being in the world, could also be considered a "center of the world". This point is located in the north of the Indian subcontinent, although the precise location has never been calculated and is constantly shifting due to changes in the distribution of the human population across the planet.

Longest lines between two points

Along constant latitude

Along constant longitude

Along any geodesic

These are the longest straight lines that can be drawn between any two points on the surface of the Earth and remain exclusively over land or water; the points need not lie on the same latitude or longitude.

Notes

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