هافنيوم

هافنيوم (په انگرېزي: Hafnium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Hf سمبول او v۲ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

Hafnium,  ₇₂Hf

Spectral lines of hafnium (400–700 nm)
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈhæfniəm/ HAF-nee-əm
Appearance	steel gray
Hafnium په دوراني جدول کې
Zr ↑ Hf ↓ Rf lutetium ← hafnium → tantalum ‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	72
گروپ, پیریود	group 4, period 6
بلاک	d-block
Element category	transition metal
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val[۱]
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	2506 K ​(2233 °C, ​4051 °F)
يشنا ټکی	4876 K ​(4603 °C, ​8317 °F)
Density near r.t.	13.31 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	12 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	27.2 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	648 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.73 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 2689 2954 3277 3679 4194 4876
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, −2 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Ionization energies	1st: 658.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1440 kJ/mol 3rd: 2250 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 159 pm
Covalent radius	175±10 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	3010 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	5.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	23.0 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	331 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic[۲]
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	+75.0·10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K)[۳]
Young's modulus	78 GPa
Shear modulus	30 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.37
Mohs hardness	5.5
Vickers hardness	1520–2060 MPa
Brinell hardness	1450–2100 MPa
CAS Number	7440-58-6
History
Naming	after Script error: The function "lang" does not exist.. Latin for: Copenhagen, where it was discovered
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
Discovery and first isolation	Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy (1922)
Main isotopes of hafnium
آيسو­ټوپ Abun­dance نیم ژوند (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 172Hf syn 1.87 y ε 172Lu 174Hf 0.16% 2×1015 y α 170Yb 176Hf 5.26% stable 177Hf 18.60% stable 178Hf 27.28% stable 178m2Hf syn 31 y IT 178Hf 179Hf 13.62% stable 180Hf 35.08% stable 182Hf syn 8.9×106 y β− 182Ta
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