Karbon

Ang karbon o carbono (Iningles carbon) mao ang elementong kimiko sa talaang peryodiko nga may simbolo nga C ug kaiphan nga atomik 6. Ang karbon mao ang wala puthaw.

Carbon
6C
- ↑ C ↓ Si Periodic table boron ← carbon → nitrogen
Panagway
clear (diamond) & black (graphite) Spectral lines of Carbon
Kinatibuk-ang mga kinaiya
Ngalan, simbolo, kaiphan	carbon, C, 6
Paglitok	/ˈkɑːrbən/
Kategoriyang elemento	wala puthaw
Group, period, block	14, 2, p
Gibug-aton sa atomo	12.011(1)
Kontorno sa elektron	[He] 2s2 2p2 2, 4
History
Pagkadiskobre	Egyptians and Sumerians[1] (3750 BC)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier[2] (1789)
Physical properties
Phase	magahi
Density (near r.t.)	amorphous:[3] 1.8–2.1 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	diamond: 3.515 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	graphite: 2.267 g·cm−3
Sublimation point	3915 K, 3642 °C, 6588 °F
Triple point	4600 K (4327°C), 10800[4][5] kPa
Heat of fusion	117 (graphite) kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	6.155 (diamond) 8.517 (graphite) J·mol−1·K−1
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3[6], 2, 1[7], 0, −1, −2, −3, −4[8]
Electronegativity	2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 1086.5 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1
Covalent radius	77(sp³), 73(sp²), 69(sp) pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	diamond (diamond, clear)
	simple hexagonal (graphite, black)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic[9]
Thermal conductivity	900-2300 (diamond) 119-165 (graphite) W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 0.8 (diamond)[10] µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 18350 (diamond) m·s−1
Young's modulus	1050 (diamond)[10] GPa
Shear modulus	478 (diamond)[10] GPa
Bulk modulus	442 (diamond)[10] GPa
Poisson ratio	0.1 (diamond)[10]
Mohs hardness	10 (diamond) 1-2 (graphite)
CAS registry number	7440-44-0
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of carbon
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 15 11C syn 20 min β+ 0.96 11B 12C 98.9% 12C is stable with 6 neutrons 13C 1.1% 13C is stable with 7 neutrons 14C trace 5730 y β− 0.15 14N
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