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Holy Roman Emperor

emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Emperor was the title that was given to the ruler of a loose group of places in mostly Central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire. The title of "emperor" was passed from the Romans to the Frankish kingdom (for which "France" is named) when, on 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Emperor of the Romans
Former Monarchy
Imperial
Quaternion Eagle
Francis II
First monarchCharlemagne
Last monarchFrancis II
StyleHis Imperial Majesty
AppointerPapal appointment
Monarchy started25 December 800
Monarchy ended6 August 1806
Current pretenderPosition abolished
Coats of arms of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 to 1576. The Emperors used the double-headed eagle as a symbol of their authority

List of emperors

This list includes all emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whether or not they called themselves Holy Roman Emperor. There are some gaps. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor.

Emperors before Otto the Great

Some historians say the Carolingian Empire was the start of the Holy Roman Empire. Others say the start of the Holy Roman Empire was 962.[1] The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the West before 962 were as follows:

Carolingian dynasty

ImageNameLifeCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorCoin
Charles I
(Charlemagne)		2 April 742
-
28 January 814		25 December 80028 January 814Founder of the Holy Roman Empire
Louis I778
-
20 June 840		5 October 81620 June 840son of Emperor Charles I
Lothair I795
-
29 September 855		5 April 82329 September 855son of Emperor Louis I
Louis II825
-
12 August 875		1st Easter 850
2nd 18 May 872		12 August 875son of Emperor Lothair I
Charles II13 June 823
-
6 October 877		29 December 8756 October 877son of Emperor Louis I
Charles III13 June 839
-
13 January 888		12 February 88113 January 888grandson of Emperor Louis I

Guideschi dynasty

ImageNameLifeCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorCoin
Guy855
-
12 December 894		May 89112 December 894great-great-grandson of Emperor Charles I-
Lambert880
-
15 October 898		30 April 89215 October 898son of Emperor Guy-

Carolingian dynasty

ImageNameLifeCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorCoin
Arnulph850
-
8 December 899		22 February 8968 December 899nephew of Charles III
and
great-grandson of Emperor Louis I		-

Bosonid dynasty

ImageNameLifeCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorCoin
Louis III880
-
28 June 928		22 February 90121 July 905grandson of Emperor Louis II-

Unruoching dynasty

ImageNameLifeCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorCoin
Berengar845
-
7 April 924		December 9157 April 924grandson of Emperor Louis I-

There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

Holy Roman Emperors

Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorSeal
1
Otto I23 November 912
-
7 May 973		-2 February 9627 May 973perhaps great-great-great-grandson of Emperor Louis I[source?]
2
Otto II955
-
7 December 983		96125 December 9677 December 983son of Emperor Otto I
3
Otto III980
-
23 January 1002		June 98321 May 99623 January 1002son of Emperor Otto II
4
Henry II
[2]		6 May 973
-
13 July 1024		7 June 100214 February 101413 July 1024second-cousin of Emperor Otto III
and
great-great-great-grandson of Emperor Louis I[source?]

Salian (Frankish) dynasty

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorSeal
5
Conrad II
[3]		990
-
4 June 1039		102426 March 10274 June 1039great-great-grandson of Emperor Otto I
6
Henry III29 October 1017
-
5 October 1056		102825 December 10465 October 1056son of Emperor Conrad II
7
Henry IV11 November 1050
-
7 August 1106		105331 March 1084December 1105son of Emperor Henry III
8
Henry V
[4]		8 November 1086
-
23 May 1125		6 January 109913 April 111123 May 1125son of Emperor Henry IV

Supplinburg dynasty

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorSeal
9
Lothair III
[5]		9 June 1075
-
4 December 1137		11254 June 11334 December 1137perhaps 9th generation descendant of Emperor Otto I
or
11th generation descendant of Emperor Charles II

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorArms
10
Frederick I1122
-
10 June 1190		4 March 115218 June 115510 June 1190great-grandson of Emperor Henry IV
11
Henry VINovember 1165
-
28 September 1197		?April 116914 April 119128 September 1197son of Emperor Frederick I

Welf dynasty

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorArms
12
Otto IV1175 or 1176
-
19 May 1218		9 June 11984 October 12091215great-grandson of Emperor Lothair III

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorArms
13
Frederick II26 December 1194
-
13 December 1250		1196
1215 re-election		22 November 122013 December 1250son of Emperor Henry VI

House of Luxembourg

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorArms
14
Henry VII1275/1279
-
24 August 1313		130829 June 131224 August 131313th generation descendant of Emperor Louis III

House of Wittelsbach

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorArms
15
Louis IV1 April 1282
-
11 October 1347		October 131417 January 132811 October 13476th generation descendant of Emperor Lothair III and 7th generation descendant of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

House of Luxembourg

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorArms
16
Charles IV14 May 1316
-
29 November 1378		11 July 1346/
17 June 1349 re-election		5 April 135529 November 1378grandson of Emperor Henry VII
17
Sigismund14 February 1368
-
9 December 1437		10 September 1410/
21 July 1411 re-election		31 May 14339 December 1437son of Emperor Charles IV

House of Habsburg

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from an EmperorArms
18
Frederick III21 September 1415
-
19 August 1493		144019 March 145219 August 149310th generation descendant of Emperor Lothair III
19
Maximilian I22 March 1459
-
12 January 1519		16 February 1486-
[6]		12 January 1519son of Emperor Frederick III
20
Charles V24 February 1500
-
21 September 1558		28 June 1519February 153016 January 1556grandson of Emperor Maximilian I
21
Ferdinand I10 March 1503
-
25 July 1564		1531-
[6]		25 July 1564grandson of Emperor Maximilian I
22
Maximilian II31 July 1527
-
12 October 1576		November 1562-
[6]		12 October 1576son of Emperor Ferdinand I
23
Rudolph II
[7]		18 July 1552
-
20 January 1612		157530 June 157520 January 1612son of Emperor Maximilian II
24
Matthias24 February 1557
-
20 March 1619		161223 January 161220 March 1619son of Emperor Maximilian II
25
Ferdinand II9 July 1578
-
15 February 1637		161810 March 161915 February 1637grandson of Emperor Ferdinand I
26
Ferdinand III13 July 1608
-
2 April 1657		163618 November 16372 April 1657son of Emperor Ferdinand II
27
Leopold I9 June 1640
-
5 May 1705		July 16586 March 16575 May 1705son of Emperor Ferdinand III
28
Joseph I26 July 1678
-
17 April 1711		6 January 16901 May 170517 April 1711son of Emperor Leopold I
29
Charles VI1 October 1685
-
20 October 1740		12 October 171122 December 171120 October 1740son of Emperor Leopold I

House of Wittelsbach

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from EmperorArms
30
Charles VII
[6]		6 August 1697
-
20 January 1745		24 January 174212 February 174220 January 1745great-great-grandson of Emperor Ferdinand II and 12th generation descendant of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

#ImageNameLifeElectionCoronationCeased to be EmperorDescent from an EmperorArms
31
Francis I8 December 1708
-
18 August 1765		13 September 1745-
[6]		18 August 1765great-grandson of Emperor Ferdinand III
32
Joseph II13 March 1741
-
20 February 1790		after 18 August 176519 August 176520 February 1790son of Emperor Francis I
33
Leopold II5 May 1747
-
1 March 1792		after 20 February 1790-
[6]		1 March 1792son of Emperor Francis I
34
Francis II12 February 1768
-
2 March 1835		after 1 March 17924 March 17926 August 1806son of Emperor Leopold II


References

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