Capper

Capper is a chemical element in the periodic cairt that haes the seembol Cu (L.: Cuprum) an atomic nummer 29. It is a ductile metal wi vera heich thermal an electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface o pure capper has a reiddish-orange colour. Capper is uised as a conductor o heat an electricity, as a biggin material, an as a constituent o various metal alloys, sic as sterling siller uised in jewelry, cupronickel uised tae mak marine haurdware an cunyies, an constantan uised in strain gauges an thermocouples for temperatur meisurment.

Copper, ₂₉Cu

Copper
Appearance	reid-orange metallic luster
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(Cu)	7001635460000000000♠63.546(3)[1]
Copper in the periodic cairt
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Airn Cobalt Nickel Capper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Siller (element) Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gowd Mercur (element) Thallium Leid (element) Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium - ↑ Cu ↓ Ag nickel ← copper → zinc
Atomic nummer (Z)	29
Group	group 11
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Element category	Transeetion metal
Electron confeeguration	[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 1
Pheesical properties
Phase at STP	solit
Meltin pynt	1357.77 K ​(1084.62 °C, ​1984.32 °F)
Bylin pynt	2835 K ​(2562 °C, ​4643 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	8.96 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	8.02 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	13.26 kJ/mol
Heat o vapourisation	300.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.440 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressur P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2834
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionisation energies	(more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 128 pm
Covalent radius	132±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
Spectral lines o copper
Ither properties
Naitural occurrence	primordial
Creestal structur	​face-centred cubic (fcc)
Speed o soond thin rod	(annealed) 3810 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	16.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	401 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	16.78 n Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	diamagnetic[3]
Young's modulus	110–128 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs haurdness	3.0
Vickers haurdness	369 MPa
Brinell haurdness	35 HB = 874 MPa
CAS Nummer	7440-50-8
History
Diskivery	Middle Eastrens (9000 BC)
Main isotopes o copper
Iso­tope Abun­dance Hauf-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 63Cu 69.15% stable 64Cu syn 12.700 h ε 64Ni β− 64Zn 65Cu 30.85% stable 67Cu syn 61.83 h β− 67Zn
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Capper is ane o the few metals that can occur in naitur in a directly uisable metallic form (native metals). This led tae verra early human uise in several regions, frae c. 8000 BC. Thoosands o years later, it wis the first metal tae be smeltit frae sulfide ores, c. 5000 BC, the first metal tae be cast intae a shape in a mauld, c. 4000 BC an the first metal tae be purposefully alloyed wi anither metal, tin, tae creaut bronze, c. 3500 BC.^[4]

In the Roman era, capper wis principally mined on Cyprus, the oreegin o the name o the metal, fae aes cyprium (metal o Cyprus), later corruptit tae cuprum (Latin), frae that the wirds derived.^[5]

The commonly encoontert compoonds are capper(II) sauts, that eften impairt blue or green colours tae sic minerals as azurite, malachite, an turquoise, an hae been uised widely an historically as pigments.

Capper uised in biggins, uisually for ruifin, oxidises tae form a green verdigris (or patina). Capper is whiles uised in decorative airt, baith in its elemental metal form an in compoonds as pigments. Capper compoonds are used as bacteriostatic augents, fungicides, an wid preservatives.

Copper is essential tae aw leevin organisms as a trace dietar mineral acause it is a key constituent o the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase. In molluscs an crustaceans, capper is a constituent o the bluid pigment hemocyanin, replaced bi the airn-complexed hemoglobin in fish an ither vertebrates. In humans, capper is foond mainly in the liver, muscle, an bane.^[6] The adult body contains atween 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight.^[7]