Beowulf
Beowulf ni tendi mashuhuri ya fasihi ya Kiingereza cha Kale. Kitabu kilichopo hadi sasa kiliandikwa mnamo 975-1025 BK, lakini inawezekana tendi ilitungwa mapema zaidi.
Hadithi zake
Hilo shairi refu la aya 3182 linasimulia habari za kijana Beowulf anayetokea Uswidi pamoja na marafiki 14 kwa kusudi la kumsaidia mfalme wa Denmark Hrodgar. Hrodgar anateswa na Grendel ambaye ni zimwi mbaya anayemeza watu. Beowulf anamshinda Grendel na mama yake na kupokea zawadi nyingi kutoka Hrodgar.
Kuna sehemu ya pili ya shairi ambamo Beowulf mzee ni mfalme mwenyewe. Anapaswa kushindana na joka anayeharibu nchi. Safari hii Beowulf anauawa akitetea nchi yake kwa sababu kati ya wafuasi wake ni mmoja tu anayemsaidia.
Mfano wa lugha yake
Aya | Kiingereza cha Kale | Kiingereza cha Kisasa (karne ya 19) |
---|---|---|
[1] | Hwæt! We Gardena in geardagum, | Lo! We of Spear-Danes in days of yore, |
[2] | þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon | of the fame of the kings, have heard |
[3] | hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon. | How those nobles did great deeds |
[4] | Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum, | Often Scyld Scefing, from the army of his enemies, |
[5] | monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah, | from many warriors, took the mead-benches |
[6] | egsode eorlas. Syððan ærest wearð | terrified the nobles. After he was first |
[7] | feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad | discovered, a foundling, he gained a consolation |
[8] | weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah, | waxed under the heavens, prospered in glory, |
[9] | oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra | until eventually everyone in surrounding tribes, |
[10] | ofer hronrade hyran scolde, | over the whale-road, had to obey |
[11] | gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs god cyning! | and yield to him. He was a good king! |
Marejeo
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- , University of Missouri, ISBN 9780826207227.
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- Beowulf and the Critics, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies
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- "Anthropological and Cultural Approaches to Beowulf", The Heroic Age (5), Summer–Autumn 2001 Check date values in:
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- Jaillant, Lise. "A Fine Old Tale of Adventure: Beowulf Told to the Children of the English Race,1898-1908." Children’s Literature Association Quarterly 38.4 (2013): 399-419
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Viungo vya nje
Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
- Beowulf ePub/Mobi version
- Electronic Beowulf, ed. by Kevin Kiernan, 4th online edn (University of Kentucky/The British Library, 2015), http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/ebeo4.0/start.html
- Beowulf manuscript in The British Library's Online Gallery, with short summary and podcast Archived 18 Septemba 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
- Annotated List of Beowulf Translations: The List — Arizonal Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Archived 21 Juni 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- online text (digitised from Elliott van Kirk Dobbie (ed.), Beowulf and Judith, Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, 4 (New York, 1953))
- Beowulf introduction Article introducing various translations and adaptations of Beowulf
- The tale of Beowulf (Sel.3.231); a digital edition of the proof-sheets with manuscript notes and corrections by William Morris in Cambridge Digital Library
Makala hii kuhusu kitabu fulani bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Beowulf kama Mwandishi wake, hadithi au matoleo yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |
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