Help:IPA
ここでは、国際音声記号の記号の基本的なキーを示します。日本語で十分な記号の小さなセットについては、Help:IPA/日本語を参照してください。英語に十分な記号の小さなセットについては、Help:IPA/英語を参照してください。いくつかのまれな IPA シンボルは含まれていません。これらは、メインの IPA 記事または詳細な IPA チャートにあります。発音のマニュアル オブ スタイル ガイドラインについては、Wikipedia:マニュアル オブ スタイル/発音を参照してください。
主な記号
記号はラテンアルファベットの文字に類似して配置されています。どのラテン文字にも似ていない記号は末尾に配置されます。
| Symbol | Examples | Description |
|---|---|---|
| A | ||
[a] ( 聴く) | German Mann, French gare | For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father. |
| [ä] ( 聴く) | Mandarin 他 tā, American English father, Spanish casa, French patte | |
| [ɐ] ( 聴く) | RP cut, German Kaiserslautern | (In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.) |
| [ɑ] ( 聴く) | RP father, French pâte, Dutch bad | |
| [ɑ̃] ( 聴く) | French Caen, sans, temps | Nasalized [ɑ]. |
| [ɒ] ( 聴く) | RP cot | Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded. |
| [ʌ] ( 聴く) | American English cut | Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].) |
| [æ] ( 聴く) | RP cat | |
| B | ||
| [b] ( 聴く) | English babble | |
| [ɓ] ( 聴く) | Swahili bwana | Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants. |
| [β] ( 聴く) | Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children", Korean 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠] mugunghwa | Like [b], but with the lips not quite closed. |
| [ʙ] ( 聴く) | Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw" | Sputtering. |
| C | ||
| [c] ( 聴く) | Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greek και "and" | Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi. |
| [ç] ( 聴く) | German Ich | More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!". |
| [ɕ] ( 聴く) | Mandarin 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana | More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she. |
| [ɔ] ( 聴く) | see under O | |
| D | ||
| [d] ( 聴く) | English dad | |
| [ɗ] ( 聴く) | Swahili Dodoma | Like [d] said with a gulp. |
| [ɖ] ( 聴く) | American English harder | Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ð] ( 聴く) | English the, bathe | |
| [dz] ( 聴く) | English adds, Italian zero | |
| [dʒ] ( 聴く) | English judge | |
| [dʑ] ( 聴く) | Polish niedźwiedź "bear" | Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound. |
| [dʐ] ( 聴く) | Polish dżem "jam" | Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| E | ||
| [e] ( 聴く) | Spanish fe; French clé, German Klee | Similar to English hey, before the y sets in. |
| [ɘ] ( 聴く) | Australian English bird | |
| [ə] ( 聴く) | English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | (Only occurs in English when not stressed.) |
| [ɚ] ( 聴く) | American English runner | |
| [ɛ] ( 聴く) | English bet | |
| [ɛ̃] ( 聴く) | French Saint-Étienne, vin, main | Nasalized [ɛ]. |
| [ɜ] ( 聴く) | RP bird (long) | |
| [ɝ] ( 聴く) | American English bird | |
| F | ||
| [f] ( 聴く) | English fun | |
| [ɟ] ( 聴く) | see under J | |
| [ʄ] ( 聴く) | see under J | |
| G | ||
| [ɡ] ( 聴く) | English gag | (Should look like  . No different from a Latin "g") |
| [ɠ] ( 聴く) | Swahili Uganda | Like [ɡ] said with a gulp. |
| [ɢ] ( 聴く) | Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi. | |
| [ʒ] ( 聴く) | see under Z | English beige. |
| H | ||
| [h] ( 聴く) | American English house | |
| [ɦ] ( 聴く) | English ahead, when said quickly. | |
| [ʰ] | The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t]. | |
| [ħ] ( 聴く) | Arabic مُحَمَّد Muhammad | Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger. |
| [ɥ] ( 聴く) | see under Y | |
| [ɮ] ( 聴く) | see under L | |
| I | ||
| [i] ( 聴く) | English sea, French ville, Spanish Valladolid | |
| [ɪ] ( 聴く) | English sit | |
| [ɨ] ( 聴く) | Russian ты "you" | Often used for unstressed English roses. |
| J | ||
| [j] ( 聴く) | English yes, hallelujah, German Junge | |
| [ʲ] | In Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn] | Indicates a sound is more y-like. |
| [ʝ] ( 聴く) | Spanish cayo (some dialects) | Like [j], but stronger. |
| [ɟ] ( 聴く) | Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole" | Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi. |
| [ʄ] ( 聴く) | Swahili jambo | Like [ɟ] said with a gulp. |
| K | ||
| [k] ( 聴く) | English kick, skip | |
| L | ||
| [l] ( 聴く) | English leaf | |
| [ɫ] ( 聴く) | English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small" | "Dark" el. |
| [ɬ] ( 聴く) | Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit" | By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla. |
| [ɭ] ( 聴く) | Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back. | |
| [ɺ] ( 聴く) | A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together. | |
| [ɮ] ( 聴く) | Zulu dla "eat" | Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together. |
| [ʟ] ( 聴く) | ||
| M | ||
| [m] ( 聴く) | English mime | |
| [ɱ] ( 聴く) | English symphony | Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f]. |
| [ɯ] ( 聴く) | see under W | |
| [ʍ] ( 聴く) | see under W | |
| N | ||
| [n] ( 聴く) | English nun | |
| [ŋ] ( 聴く) | English sing, Māori nga | |
| [ɲ] ( 聴く) | Spanish Peña, French champagne | Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly). |
| [ɳ] ( 聴く) | Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna | Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ɴ] ( 聴く) | Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat. |
| O | ||
| [o] ( 聴く) | Spanish no, French eau, German Boden | Somewhat reminiscent of American English no. |
| [ɔ] ( 聴く) | German Oldenburg, French Garonne | |
| [ɔ̃] ( 聴く) | French Lyon, son | Nasalized [ɔ]. |
| [ø] ( 聴く) | French feu, bœufs, German Goethe | Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o]. |
| [ɵ] ( 聴く) | Dutch hut, French je, Swedish dum | Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩. |
| [œ] ( 聴く) | French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen | Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ]. |
| [œ̃] ( 聴く) | French brun, parfum | Nasalized [œ]. |
| [ɶ] ( 聴く) | ||
| [θ] ( 聴く) | see under Others | |
| [ɸ] ( 聴く) | see under Others | |
| P | ||
| [p] ( 聴く) | English pip | |
| Q | ||
| [q] ( 聴く) | Arabic قُرْآن Qur’ān | Like [k], but further back, in the throat. |
| R | ||
| [r] ( 聴く) | Spanish perro, Scots borrow | "Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.) |
| [ɾ] ( 聴く) | Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie | "Flapped R". |
| [ʀ] ( 聴く) | Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers) | A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French. |
| [ɽ] ( 聴く) | Urdu ساڑی [sə.ɽək] "road" | Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back. |
| [ɹ] ( 聴く) | RP borrow | |
| [ɻ] ( 聴く) | Tamil புழு Puḻu "Worm", Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", American English borrow, butter | Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers. |
| [ʁ] ( 聴く) | French Paris, German Riemann (some dialects) | Said back in the throat, but not trilled. |
| S | ||
| [s] ( 聴く) | English sass | |
| [ʃ] ( 聴く) | English shoe | |
| [ʂ] ( 聴く) | Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin) | Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| T | ||
| [t] ( 聴く) | English tot, stop | |
| [ʈ] ( 聴く) | Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ts] ( 聴く) | English cats, Russian царь tsar | |
| [tʃ] ( 聴く) | English church | |
| [tɕ] ( 聴く) | Mandarin 北京 Běijīng ( listen), Polish ciebie "you" | Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound. |
| [tʂ] ( 聴く) | Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas | Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| U | ||
| [u] ( 聴く) | American English food, French vous "you", German Schumacher | |
| [ʊ] ( 聴く) | English foot, German Bundesrepublik | |
| [ʉ] ( 聴く) | Australian English food (long) | Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
| [ɥ] ( 聴く) | see under Y | |
| [ɯ] ( 聴く) | see under W | |
| V | ||
| [v] ( 聴く) | English verve | |
| [ʋ] ( 聴く) | Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna" | Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r. |
| [ɤ] ( 聴く) | see under Y | |
| [ɣ] ( 聴く) | see under Y | |
| [ʌ] ( 聴く) | see under A | |
| W | ||
| [w] ( 聴く) | English wow | |
| [ʷ] | Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain | |
| [ʍ] ( 聴く) | what (some dialects) | like [h] and [w] said together |
| [ɯ] ( 聴く) | Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol | Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ]. |
| [ɰ] ( 聴く) | Spanish agua | Like [w], but with the lips flat. |
| X | ||
| [x] ( 聴く) | Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хлеб [xlʲep] "bread", Spanish joven | between [k] and [h] |
| [χ] ( 聴く) | northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x]. |
| Y | ||
| [y] ( 聴く) | French rue, German Bülow | Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
| [ʏ] ( 聴く) | German Düsseldorf | Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ]. |
| [ɣ] ( 聴く) | Arabic غَالِي ghālī and Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro | Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h]. |
| [ɤ] ( 聴く) | Mandarin 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh | Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ]. |
| [ʎ] ( 聴く) | Italian tagliatelle, Portuguese mulher | Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume. |
| [ɥ] ( 聴く) | French lui | Like [j] and [w] said together. |
| Z | ||
| [z] ( 聴く) | English zoo | |
| [ʒ] ( 聴く) | English vision, French journal | |
| [ʑ] ( 聴く) | old-styled Russian позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle | More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey. |
| [ʐ] ( 聴く) | Russian жир "fat" | Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ɮ] ( 聴く) | see under L | |
| Others | ||
| [θ] ( 聴く) | English thigh, bath | |
| [ɸ] ( 聴く) | Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui | Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching |
| [ʔ] ( 聴く) | English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst | The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩]. |
| [ʕ] ( 聴く) | Arabic عَرَبِيّ ʻarabī "Arabic" | A light, voiced sound deep in the throat, articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx (back of the throat). |
| [ǀ] ( 聴く) | English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring" | (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo. |
| [ǁ] ( 聴く) | English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog" | (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa. |
| [ǃ] ( 聴く) | Zulu iqaqa "polecat" | (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ]. |
| [ʘ] ( 聴く) | ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two" | Like a kissing sound. |
| [ǂ] ( 聴く) | Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂàʔám̀ᵑǃã̀] "to put in the mouth" | Like an imitation of a chewing sound. |
Marks added to letters
Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a. A more complete list is given at International Phonetic Alphabet § Diacritics and prosodic notation.
| Symbol | Example | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Signs above a letter | ||
| [ã] | French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine" | A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang |
| [ä] | Portuguese vá [vä] "go" | A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back |
| [ă] | English police [pə̆ˈliˑs] | An extra-short speech sound (usually a vowel) |
| Signs below a letter | ||
| [a̯] | English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯] | This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].) |
| [n̥] | English boy [b̥ɔɪ̯], doe [d̥oʊ̯] (see also) | Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa. |
| [n̩] | English button | A consonant without a vowel (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.) |
| [d̪] | Spanish dos, French deux | The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English. |
| Signs next to a letter | ||
| [kʰ] | English come | Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ]. |
| [k’] | Zulu ukuza "come" | Ejective. Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ]. |
| [aː] | English shh! [ʃː] | Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc. |
| [aˑ] | RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt] | Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].) |
| [ˈa] | pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩] | Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable. |
| [ˌa] | Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable. | |
| [.] | English courtship [ˈkʰɔrt.ʃɪp] | Syllable break (this is often redundant and therefore left off) |