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वैद्यकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक

वैद्यकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक (स्वीडिश:नोबेलप्राइसेट इ फिसियोतदजि एलर मेडिसिन) हे स्वीडनमधील कारोलिन्स्का इन्स्टिट्युटकडून दरवर्षी प्रदान करण्यात येणारे पारितोषिक आहे. आल्फ्रेड नोबेलने आपल्या मृत्युपत्रात लिहिल्याप्रमाणे हे पारितोषिक १९०१ पासून दरवर्षी दिले जाते. या शाखेतील पहिले पारितोषिक एमिल ऍडॉल्फ फोन बेह्रिंगला त्याच्या "रक्तपेशींद्वारे (प्लाझ्मा) उपचारपद्धतीसाठी, विशेषतः त्याच्या डिप्थेरियाविरुद्ध होणाऱ्या उपयोगासाठी, ज्याद्वारे वैद्यकशास्त्रातील एक नवे दालन खुले केले गेले व वैद्य व चिकित्सकांच्या हातात आजार आणि मृत्यूविरुद्ध लढण्यासाठी प्रभावी आयुध दिले गेले", देण्यात आले.

वैद्यकशास्त्रातील हे पारितोषिक रसायनशास्त्र, भौतिकशास्त्र, साहित्य, शांतता या इतर चार शाखांमधील पारितोषिकांबरोबर देण्यात येते. नोबेल फाउंडेशनद्वारे नियमन केली जाणारी ही पारितोषिके सहसा जगातील सर्वोच्च सन्मान समजली जातात. आल्फ्रेड नोबेल यांच्या मृत्युदिनी (डिसेंबर १०) हे पारितोषिक स्वीडनच्या राजाच्या हस्ते प्रदान केले जाते. त्यावेळी स्वीकारणाऱ्यास एक पदक, प्रमाणपत्र व बक्षिसरकमेची हमी दिली जाते.[१]

२००८ चे वैद्यकशास्त्रातील पारितोषिक हराल्ड झुअर हाउजनला सर्व्हिकल कॅन्सरला कारणीभूत असलेल्या मानवी पॅपिलोमा विषाणूच्या शोधाबद्दल आणि फ्रांस्वा बार-सिनूसी व लुक माँतानिये यांना एड्सला कारणीभूत मानवी प्रतिकारशक्ती-अभाव (इम्युनोडेफिशियन्सी) विषाणूच्या (एच.आय.व्ही.) शोधांबद्दल देण्यात आले. १ कोटी स्वीडिश क्रोनाचे (अंदाजे १० लाख युरो; १४ लाख अमेरिकन डॉलर) बक्षिस तिघांत वाटून देण्यात येईल.

नोबेल पदकाच्या समोरच्या बाजूस कारोलिन्स्का इन्स्टिट्युट येथील नोबेल सभेचे पदक असा मजकूर व आल्फ्रेड नोबेलचे चित्र असते तर मागच्या बाजूस ग्रीक इतिहासातील जिनियस आपल्या मांडीत उघडे पुस्तक ठेवून खडकातील वाहणारे पाणी घेउन एका आजारी मुलीची तहान भागवत आहे असे निरुपण असते.[२]

विजेत्यांची यादी

१९०१ ते २००८ पर्यंतचे १८९ विजेते[३]

वर्षनावदेशकारण
1901एमिल अॅडॉल्फ फोन बेह्रिंगजर्मनी"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[४]
1902रोनाल्ड रॉसयुनायटेड किंग्डम"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[५]
1903नील्स रायबर्ग फिन्सेनडेन्मार्क"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[६]
१९०४इव्हान पेट्रोविच पावलोवरशिया"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[७]
१९०५रॉबर्ट कॉखजर्मनी" क्षय रोगाबद्दल महत्त्वपूर्ण संशोधनाबद्दल"[८]
१९०६कामियो गोल्गी
सांतियागो रमोन इ कहाल		Italy
स्पेन		"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[९]
१९०७चार्ल्स लुई आल्फोन्से लव्हेरानफ्रांस"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[१०]
१९०८इल्या इलिच मेक्निकोव्ह
पॉल एह्लरिक		रशिया
जर्मनी		"in recognition of their work on immunity"[११]
१९०९एमिल थियोडोर कोकरस्वित्झर्लंड"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[१२]
१९१०आल्ब्रेख्त कॉसेलजर्मनी"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[१३]
१९११Allvar Gullstrandस्वीडन"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[१४]
१९१२Alexis Carrelफ्रांस"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[१५]
१९१३Charles Robert Richetफ्रांस"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"[१६]
१९१४Robert BárányHungary /Austria"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[१७]
पुरस्कार नाही
१९१६
१९१७पुरस्कार नाही
१९१८पुरस्कार नाही
१९१९Jules Bordetबेल्जियम"for his discoveries relating to immunity"[१८]
१९२०Schack August Steenberg Kroghडेन्मार्क"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion)[१९]
१९२१पुरस्कार नाही
1922Archibald Vivian Hillयुनायटेड किंग्डम"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[२०]
Otto Fritz Meyerhofजर्मनी"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[२०]
1923Frederick Grant Banting
John James Richard Macleod		Canada
युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for the discovery of insulin"[२१]
1१९२४Willem EinthovenNetherlands"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[२२]
१९२५पुरस्कार नाही
१९२६Johannes Andreas Grib Fibigerडेन्मार्क"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[२३]
१९२७Julius Wagner-JaureggAustria"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[२४]
१९२८Charles Jules Henri Nicolleफ्रांस"for his work on typhus"[२५]
1929Christiaan EijkmanNetherlands"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[२६]
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkinsयुनायटेड किंग्डम"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[२६]
1930Karl LandsteinerAustria"for his discovery of human blood groups"[२७]
Otto Heinrich Warburgजर्मनी"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[२८]
1932Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
Edgar Douglas Adrian		युनायटेड किंग्डम
युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[२९]
1933Thomas Hunt Morganअमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[३०]
1934George Hoyt Whipple
George Richards Minot
William Parry Murphy		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[३१]
1935Hans Spemannजर्मनी"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[३२]
1936Sir Henry Hallett Dale
Otto Loewi		युनायटेड किंग्डम;
जर्मनी 1903: Austria 1946: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[३३]
1937Albert Szent-Györgyi von NagyrapoltHungary"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[३४]
1938Corneille Jean François HeymansBelgium"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[३५]
1939Gerhard Domagkजर्मनी"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[३६]
१९४०पुरस्कार नाही
१९४१पुरस्कार नाही
१९४२पुरस्कार नाही
1943Carl Peter Henrik DamDenmark"for his discovery of vitamin K"[३७]
Edward Adelbert DoisyUnited States"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[३७]
1944Joseph Erlanger
Herbert Spencer Gasser		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[३८]
1945सर अलेक्झांडर फ्लेमिंग
Ernst Boris Chain
Sir Howard Walter Florey		युनायटेड किंग्डम;
जर्मनी /युनायटेड किंग्डम;
ऑस्ट्रेलिया /युनायटेड किंग्डम		" पेनिसिलीनच्या शोधाबद्दल व त्याचा प्रतिजैविक म्हणून वापराच्या शोधाबद्दल"[३९]
1946Hermann Joseph Mullerअमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[४०]
1947Carl Ferdinand Cori
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz		Czechoslovakia /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
Czechoslovakia /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[४१]
Bernardo Alberto HoussayArgentina"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[४१]
1948Paul Hermann Müllerस्वित्झर्लंड"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[४२]
1949Walter Rudolf Hessस्वित्झर्लंड"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[४३]
Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas MonizPortugal"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[४३]
1950Edward Calvin Kendall
Tadeusz Reichstein
Philip Showalter Hench		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
Poland /स्वित्झर्लंड;
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[४४]
1951Max TheilerSouth Africa /स्वित्झर्लंड"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[४५]
1952Selman Abraham WaksmanRussia, 1916: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[४६]
1953Hans Adolf KrebsWest जर्मनी /युनायटेड किंग्डम"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[४७]
Fritz Albert LipmannWest जर्मनी /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[४७]
1954John Franklin Enders
Thomas Huckle Weller
Frederick Chapman Robbins		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[४८]
1955Axel Hugo Theodor Theorellस्वीडन"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[४९]
1956André Frédéric Cournand
Werner Forssmann
Dickinson W. Richards		फ्रांस, 1941: United States;
West जर्मनी
United States		"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[५०]
1957Daniel Bovetस्वित्झर्लंड /Italy"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[५१]
1958George Wells Beadle
Edward Lawrie Tatum		United States
United States		"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[५२]
Joshua Lederbergअमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[५२]
1959Severo Ochoa
Arthur Kornberg		स्पेन /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[५३]
1960Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Peter Brian Medawar		ऑस्ट्रेलिया;
Brazil /युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[५४]
1961Georg von BékésyHungary"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[५५]
1962Francis Harry Compton Crick
James Dewey Watson
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins		युनायटेड किंग्डम;
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
न्यू झीलँड /युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[५६]
1963Sir John Carew Eccles
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Andrew Fielding Huxley		ऑस्ट्रेलिया
युनायटेड किंग्डम
युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[५७]
1964Konrad Bloch
Feodor Lynen		West जर्मनी /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
West जर्मनी		"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[५८]
1965François Jacob
André Lwoff
Jacques Monod		फ्रांस
फ्रांस
फ्रांस		"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[५९]
1966Peyton Rousअमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[६०]
Charles B. HugginsCanada /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[६०]
1967Ragnar Granit
Haldan Keffer Hartline
George Wald		Finland 1940: स्वीडन;
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[६१]
1968Robert W. Holley
हर गोविंद खुराना
Marshall W. Nirenberg		United States;
भारत 1966: United States;
United States		"जनुकीय रचना व प्रथिनांच्या रचनेमधील त्यांचा महत्त्वाची कडी शोधण्याच्या महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्याबद्दल]]"[६२]
1969Max Delbrück
Alfred Hershey
Salvador E. Luria		West जर्मनी /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
Italy		"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[६३]
1970Sir Bernard Katz
Ulf von Euler
Julius Axelrod		West जर्मनी 1941: युनायटेड किंग्डम;
स्वीडन
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[६४]
1971Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[६५]
1972Gerald M. Edelman
Rodney R. Porter		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[६६]
1973Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
Nikolaas Tinbergen		Austria
Austria
Netherlands		"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[६७]
1974Albert Claude
Christian de Duve
George E. Palade		Belgium;
Belgium;
Romania 1952: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[६८]
1975David Baltimore
Renato Dulbecco
Howard Martin Temin		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
Italy /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[६९]
1976Baruch S. Blumberg
D. Carleton Gajdusek		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[७०]
1977Roger Guillemin
Andrew Viktor Schally		फ्रांस 1965: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[७१]
Rosalyn Yalowअमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[७१]
1978Werner Arber
Daniel Nathans
Hamilton O. Smith		स्वित्झर्लंड
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[७२]
1979Allan M. Cormack
Godfrey N. Hounsfield		South Africa 1966: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for the development of computer assisted tomography"[७३]
1980Baruj Benacerraf
Jean Dausset
George D. Snell		Venezuela 1943: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
फ्रांस;
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[७४]
1981Roger W. Sperryअमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[७५]
David H. Hubel
Torsten N. Wiesel		Canada /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
स्वीडन		"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[७५]
1982Sune Bergström
Bengt I. Samuelsson
John R. Vane		स्वीडन
स्वीडन
युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[७६]
1983Barbara McClintockअमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[७७]
1984Niels K. Jerne
Georges J.F. Köhler
César Milstein		Denmark;
West जर्मनी;
Argentina		"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[७८]
1985Michael S. Brown
Joseph L. Goldstein		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[७९]
1986Stanley Cohen
Rita Levi-Montalcini		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
Italy /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries of growth factors"[८०]
1987Susumu Tonegawaजापान"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[८१]
1988Sir James W. Black
Gertrude B. Elion
George H. Hitchings		युनायटेड किंग्डम
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[८२]
1989J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. Varmus		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[८३]
1990Joseph E. Murray
E. Donnall Thomas		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[८४]
1991Erwin Neher
Bert Sakmann		जर्मनी
जर्मनी		"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[८५]
1992Edmond H. Fischer
Edwin G. Krebs		स्वित्झर्लंड /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[८६]
1993Richard J. Roberts
Phillip A. Sharp		युनायटेड किंग्डम
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries of split genes"[८७]
1994Alfred G. Gilman
Martin Rodbell		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[८८]
1995Edward B. Lewis
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Eric F. Wieschaus		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
जर्मनी
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[८९]
1996Peter C. Doherty
Rolf M. Zinkernagel		ऑस्ट्रेलिया
स्वित्झर्लंड		"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[९०]
1997Stanley B. Prusinerअमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[९१]
1998Robert F. Furchgott
Louis J. Ignarro
Ferid Murad		United States
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[९२]
1999Günter Blobelजर्मनी 1987: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[९३]
2000Arvid Carlsson
Paul Greengard
Eric R. Kandel		स्वीडन
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[९४]
2001Leland H. Hartwell
R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt
Sir Paul M. Nurse		United States
युनायटेड किंग्डम
युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[९५]
2002Sydney Brenner
H. Robert Horvitz
John E. Sulston		South Africa /युनायटेड किंग्डम 2003: Singapore[९६] (honorary);
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[९७]
2003Paul Lauterbur
Sir Peter Mansfield		United States
युनायटेड किंग्डम		"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[९८]
2004Richard Axel
Linda B. Buck		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[९९]
2005Barry J. Marshall
J. Robin Warren		ऑस्ट्रेलिया
ऑस्ट्रेलिया		"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[१००]
2006Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. Mello		अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने
अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[१०१]
2007Mario Capecchi
Sir Martin Evans
Oliver Smithies		Italy /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने;
युनायटेड किंग्डम;
युनायटेड किंग्डम /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने		"for their discoveries for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[१०२]
2008हराल्ड झुअर हाउसनजर्मनी"गळ्याच्या कर्करोगास कारणीभूत ठरणारा ह्युमन पापीलोमा ह्या विषाणूचा शोध लावल्याबद्दल "[१०३]
फ्रांन्कोईज बॅरे-सिनॉसी
लुक मोन्टॅग्नीअर		फ्रांस
फ्रांस		"एड्स या रोगास कारणीभूत असणाऱ्या एच्.आय.व्ही या विषाणूचा शोध लावण्याबद्दल"[१०३]

References

बाह्य दुवे

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