Arthur Wellesley, Duke Wellington Pertama

Fil Marsyal Arthur Wellesley, Duke Wellington Pertama, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS(1 Mei 1769 – 14 September 1852), ialah seorang askar dan negarawan British, kelahiran Ireland daripada sebuah keluarga Inggeris-Ireland,^[1] dan seorang daripada tokoh tentera dan politik terkemuka dalam abad ke-19. Beliau sering dirujuk sebagai "Duke Wellington", mahupun selepas kematiannya, walaupun terdapat penyandang-penyandang gelaran Duke Wellington selepas beliau.

Wellesley menonjol sebagai seorang jeneral semasa kempen Semenanjung, sebahagian daripada kempen Peperangan Napoleon, dan dinaikkan ke pangkat Fil Marsyal selepas mengetuai angkatan bersekutu dalam mengalahkan pihak Perancis dalam Pertempuran Vitoria dalam tahun 1813. Berikutan pembuangan negeri Napoleon dalam tahun 1814, beliau berkhidmat sebagai duta ke Perancis dan dianugerahkan dengan sebuah duci^[2] yang membawa kepada gelaran "Duke". Dalam waktu Seratus Hari (atau Seratus Hari Napoleon) dalam tahun 1815, beliau mengetuai tentera bersekutu yang bersama-sama Tentera Darat Prusia di bawah Fil Marsyal Blücher, menewaskan Napoleon dalam Pertempuran Waterloo. Rekod pertempuran Wellesley amat terpuji dan beliau pada akhirnya terlibat dalam 60 pertempuran sepanjang kerjaya tenteranya.^[3]

Ibu kota negara New Zealand iaitu Wellington dinamakan sempena beliau.^[4]

Baton-baton Fil Marsyal Duke Wellington

Duke Wellington memiliki banyak gelaran dan anugerah termasuk pangkat Fil Marsyal atau setaraf dengannya dalam lapan angkatan tentera negara. Setiap negara menyediakan beliau dengan satu baton sebagai simbol pangkatnya. Baton-baton yang ada telah dipamerkan di Apsley House London iaitu kediaman lama Duke Wellington.^[5]

Pangkat tentera

Pada hari pengkebumian Wellington pangkat-pangkat tenteranya telah dinyatakan sebagai:^[6]

Fil Marsyal dan Panglima Besar Angkatan Baginda Ratu (Tentera Darat British)
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Austria
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Hanover
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Belanda
Marsyal Jeneral Tentera Darat Portugis
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Prusia
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Rusia
Kapten Jeneral Tentera Darat Sepanyol

Nota

Rujukan

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Griffiths, Major Arthur (1897). The Wellington Memorial: Wellington, His Comrades and Contemporaries, chapters IV and 211. Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
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Bacaan lanjut

Beatson, Alexander (1800). A collection of the Duke's letters. A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun. Bulmer and Co.
Brett-James, Antony. ed. (1961). Wellington at War 1794–1815. New York: St. Martin's Press.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Coates, Berwick (2003). Wellington's Charge: A Portrait of the Duke's England. London: Robson Books. ISBN 978-1-86105-653-5.
Brialmont, Henri Alexis (1856–1857). Life of the Duke of Wellington, 3 volumes. Guyot et Stapleaux.
Davies, Huw (2012). Wellington's War: The Making of a Military Genius. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16417-6.
Drew, Joseph (1852). A Biographical Sketch of the Military and Political Career of the late Duke of Wellington: including the most interesting particulars of his death, Lying in State and Public Funeral, illus. with engravings. Weymouth.
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Harrington, Jack (2011). Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10885-1.
Hilbert, Charles (2005). Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, time and conflicts in India on behalf of the British East India Company and the British crown. 7. Military Heritage.
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Mill, James (1997 [First published 1818]). The History of British India. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15382-9. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan); Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)

Ward, S.G.P. (1957). Wellington's Headquarters: A Study of the Administrative Problems in the Peninsula 1809–1814. Oxford University Press.
Weller, Jac (1998). Wellington at Waterloo. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-339-9.
Wellesley, Arthur; Gurwood, John (1838). The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington: During his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818 Vol. X.. London: John Murray.

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