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Byte

unit of digital information equal to 8 bits

A byte is a unit of measurement of the size of information on a computer or other electronic device. A single byte is usually eight bits. Some early computers used six bits for each byte. Bits are the smallest unit of storage on a computer, a single on/off value. Bytes are often represented by the capital letter B, bits by a lower case b.

A single typed character (for example, 'x' or '8') is stored in one byte. The character is held as a binary number which encodes a text character. To map each number to a character an agreed code such as EBCDIC or ASCII is needed. EBCDIC is a character encoding used mainly on mainframe computers. It uses 8 bits per byte. ASCII is another encoding that only uses seven bits. Extended ASCII uses 8 bits to give more types of characters, mostly used on personal computers.

The byte is the smallest useful unit of measure to show how many characters a computer (or electronics device) can hold. This is useful for things like RAM, or storage devices like USB drives and other types of Flash memory. Sending of data (for a modem or wi-fi) is usually measured in bits, not bytes.

On modern computers one byte is equal to eight bits. Some early computers used fewer bits for each byte. To tell them apart, computer scientists called an 8 bit byte an octet. In modern usage, an octet and a byte are the same.

Abbreviation

The symbol for "byte" is "B". Sometimes a lowercase "b" is used, but this use is incorrect because "b" is actually the IEEE symbol for "bit". The IEC symbol for bit is bit. For example, "MB" means "megabyte" and "Mbit" means "megabit". The difference is important because 1 megabyte (MB) is 1,000,000 bytes, and 1 megabit (Mbit) is 1,000,000 bits or 125,000 bytes. It's easy to confuse the two, but bits are much smaller than bytes, so the symbol "b" should be used when referring to "bits" and an uppercase "B" when referring to "bytes".

Names for larger units

For large data, byte is often used with a binary prefix:

The following terms represent even larger units of bytes, but are very rarely used:

The following terms represent even larger unofficial units of bytes. (They are likely to never be used in future computing):

  • Brontobyte (BB) / Hellabyte (HB) (290)
  • Geopbyte (GpB/GeB) (2100)
  • Saganbyte (SB) (2110)
  • Pijabyte (PjB) (2120)
  • Alphabyte (AB) (2130)
  • Pectrolbyte (PcB) (2140)
  • Bolgerbyte (BoB) (2150)
  • Sambobyte (SaB) (2160)
  • Quesabyte (QB) (2170)
  • Kinsabyte (KiB) (2180)
  • Rutherbyte (RB) (2190)
  • Dubnibyte (DB) (2200)
  • Hassiubyte (HaB) (2210)
  • Meitnerbyte (MnB) (2220)
  • Darmstadbyte (DrB) (2230)
  • Roentbyte (RaB) (2240)
  • Sophobyte (SoB) (2250)
  • Coperbyte (CoB) (2260)
  • Koentekbyte (KoB) (2270)
  • Glossybyte (GsB) (2280)
  • Snugbyte (SuB) (2290)
  • Grandbyte (GrB) (2299)
  • Doombyte (DmB) (2309)
  • Godbyte (GdB) (2319)
  • Superbyte (SpB) (2329)
  • Googolbyte (GgB) (2339)

Byte Chart

According to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), who sets many computer standards, these charts show how bytes should be referred to.

People who refer to 1 kilobyte as 1,024 bytes, for example, are technically incorrect; 1,024 bytes should be referred to as 1 kibibyte, according to the IEC. [1] However, using 1024 for kilo and 1048576 for mega, etc. was widely practiced before the IEC standards were set in 1998. There is some confusion and mixing of terms in the marketplace. Computer memory is still referred to in powers of 2, so 1KB of memory is 1024 bytes, whereas in computer data storage powers of 10 are used, so 1KB is 1000 bytes.

"kilo-" = 1,000

When using standard metric names like "kilo-", "mega-" and "giga-", they should follow the same measure that other metric measurements use, like kilometer (1 kilometer = 1,000 meters), or gigahertz (1 gigahertz = 1,000,000,000 hertz) for example.

UnitNumberShort scaleLong scaleScientific,E Notation/ Power of 10
Byte

(B)

11

byte

1

byte

1*100,1E0 / 100
Kilobyte

(KB)

1,0001

thousand

bytes

1

thousand

bytes

1*103,1E3 / 103
Megabyte (MB)1,000,0001

million

bytes

1

million

bytes

1*106,1E6 / 106
Gigabyte (GB)1,000,000,0001

billion

bytes

1

billion

bytes

1*109,1E9 / 109
Terabyte

(TB)

1,000,000,000,0001

trillion

bytes

1

trillion

bytes

1*1012,1E12 / 1012
Petabyte

(PB)

1,000,000,000,000,0001

quadrillion

bytes

1

quadrillion

bytes

1*1015,1E15 / 1015
Exabyte

(EB)

1,000,000,000,000,000,0001

quintillion

bytes

1

quintillion

bytes

1*1018,1E18 / 1018
Zettabyte (ZB)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

sextillion

bytes

1

sextillion

bytes

1*1021,1E21 / 1021
Yottabyte (YB)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

septillion

bytes

1

septillion

bytes

1*1024,1E24 / 1024
Brontobyte (BB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

octillion

bytes

1

octillion

bytes

1*1027,1E27 / 1027
Geopbyte (GpB/GeB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

nonillion

bytes

1

nonillion

bytes

1*1030,1E30 / 1030
Saganbyte (SB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Decillion

bytes

1

Decillion

bytes

1*1033,1E33 / 1033
Pijabyte

(PjB) (unofficial)

1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Undecillion

bytes

1

Undecillion

bytes

1*1036,1E36 / 1036
Alphabyte (AB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Duodecillion

bytes

1

Duodecillion

bytes

1*1039,1E39 / 1039
Pectrolbyte (PcB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Tredecillion

bytes

1

Tredecillion

bytes

1*1042,1E42 / 1042
Bolgerbyte (BoB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Quattuordecillion

bytes

1

Quattuordecillion

bytes

1*1045,1E45 / 1045
Sambobyte (SaB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Quindecillion

bytes

1

Quindecillion

bytes

1*1048,1E48 / 1048
Quesabyte (QB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Sexdecillion

bytes

1

Sexdecillion

bytes

1*1051,1E51 / 1051
Kinsabyte (KiB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Septendecillion

bytes

1

Septendecillion

bytes

1*1054,1E54 / 1054
Rutherbyte (RB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Octodecillion

bytes

1

Octodecillion

bytes

1*1057,1E57 / 1057
Dubnibyte (DB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Novemdecillion

bytes

1

Novemdecillion

bytes

1*1060,1E60 / 1060
Hassiubyte (HaB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Vigintillion

bytes

1

Vigintillion

bytes

1*1063,1E63 / 1063
Meitnerbyte (MnB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Unvigintillion

bytes

1

Unvigintillion

bytes

1*1066,1E66 / 1066
Darmstadbyte (DrB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Duovigintillion

bytes

1

Duovigintillion

bytes

1*1069,1E3 / 1069
Roentbyte (RaB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Trevigintillion

bytes

1

Trevigintillion

bytes

1*1072,1E3 / 1072
Sophobyte (SoB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Quattuorvigintillion

bytes

1

Quattuorvigintillion

bytes

1*1075,1E3 / 1075
Coperbyte (CoB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Quinvigintillion

bytes

1

Quinvigintillion

bytes

1*1078,1E78 / 1078
Koentekbyte (KoB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Sexvigintillion

bytes

1

Sexvigintillion

bytes

1*1081,1E81 / 1081
Glossybyte (GsB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Septenvigintillion

bytes

1

Septenvigintillion

bytes

1*1084,1E84 / 1084
Snugbyte (SuB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Octovigintillion

bytes

1

Octovigintillion

bytes

1*1087,1E87 / 1087
Grandbyte (GrB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Nonvigintillion

bytes

1

Nonvigintillion

bytes

1*1090,1E90 / 1090
Doombyte (DmB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Trigintillion

bytes

1

Trigintillion

bytes

1*1093,1E93 / 1093
Godbyte (GdB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Untrigintillion

bytes

1

Untrigintillion

bytes

1*1096,1E96 / 1096
Superbyte (SpB) (unofficial)1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Duotrigintillion

bytes

1

Duotrigintillion

bytes

1*1099,1E99 / 1099
Googolbyte (GgB) (unofficial)10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0001

Googol

bytes

1

Googol

bytes

1*10100,1E100 / 10100

"kibi-" = 1,024

Since computers are very complex digital devices that are based on the binary numeral system rather than the commonly-used decimal numeral system or binary coded decimal system, there are many situations where the standard metric system does not work well, particularly with memory sizes for a computer or storage device. If a memory or storage device uses a binary number for addresses, the number of different positions to be accessed (the size of the memory) can be expressed as a power of 2, rather than a power of 10.

UnitNumberMaths
Byte

(B)

120 bytes
Kibibyte

(KiB)

1,024210 bytes
Mebibyte

(MiB)

1,048,576220 bytes
Gibibyte

(GiB)

1,073,741,824230 bytes
Tebibyte

(TiB)

1,099,511,627,776240 bytes
Pebibyte

(PiB)

1,125,899,906,842,624250 bytes
Exbibyte

(EiB)

1,152,921,504,606,846,976260 bytes
Zebibyte

(ZiB)

1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424270 bytes
Yobibyte

(YiB)

1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176280 bytes
Bronbibyte

(BiB)

(unofficial)

1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224290 bytes
Gebibyte

(GeiB) (unofficial)

1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,3762100 bytes
Sagbibyte

(SiB)

(unofficial)

1,298,074,214,633,706,907,132,624,082,305,0242110 bytes
Pijbibyte

(PjiB)

(unofficial)

1,329,227,995,784,915,872,903,807,060,280,344,5762120 bytes
Alphbibyte

(AiB)

(unofficial)

1,361,129,467,683,753,853,853,498,429,727,072,845,8242130 bytes
Pectbibyte

(PciB)

(unofficial)

1,393,796,574,908,163,946,345,982,392,040,522,594,123,7762140 bytes
Bolgbibyte (BoiB) (unofficial)1,427,247,692,705,959,881,058,285,969,449,495,136,382,746,6242150 bytes
Sambibyte (SaiB) (unofficial)1,461,501,637,330,902,918,203,684,832,716,283,019,655,932,542,9762160 bytes
Quesbibyte (QiB)

(unofficial)

1,496,577,676,626,844,588,240,573,268,701,473,812,127,674,924,007,4242170 bytes
Kinsbibyte

(KiiB)

(unofficial)

1,532,495,540,865,888,858,358,347,027,150,309,183,618,739,122,183,602,1762180 bytes
Ruthbibyte

(RiB)

(unofficial)

1,569,275,433,846,670,190,958,947,355,801,916,604,025,588,861,116,008,628,2242190 bytes
Dubbibyte

(DiB)

(unofficial)

1,606,938,044,258,990,275,541,962,092,341,162,602,522,202,993,782,792,835,301,3762200 bytes
Hassbibyte (HaiB) (unofficial)1,645,504,557,321,206,042,154,969,182,557,350,504,982,735,865,633,579,863,348,609,0242210 bytes
Meitbibyte (MniB) (unofficial)1,684,996,666,696,914,987,166,688,442,938,726,917,102,321,526,408,785,780,068,975,640,5762220 bytes
Darmbibyte (DriB)

(unofficial)

1,725,436,586,697,640,946,858,688,965,569,256,363,112,777,243,042,596,638,790,631,055,949,8242230 bytes
Roentbibyte (RaiB) (unofficial)1,766,847,064,778,384,329,583,297,500,742,918,515,827,483,896,875,618,958,121,606,201,292,619,7762240 bytes
Sophbibyte (SoiB) (unofficial)1,809,251,394,333,065,553,493,296,640,760,748,560,207,343,510,400,633,813,116,524,750,123,642,650,6242250 bytes
Copbibyte

(CoiB) (unofficial)

1,852,673,427,797,059,126,777,135,760,139,006,525,652,319,754,650,249,024,631,321,344,126,610,074,238,9762260 bytes
Koentbibyte (KoiB) (unofficial)1,897,137,590,064,188,545,819,787,018,382,342,682,267,975,428,761,855,001,222,473,056,385,648,716,020,711,4242270 bytes
Glossbibyte (GsiB) (unofficial)1,942,668,892,225,729,070,919,461,906,823,518,906,642,406,839,052,139,521,251,812,409,738,904,285,205,208,498,1762280 bytes
Snugbibyte (SuiB) (unofficial)1,989,292,945,639,146,568,621,528,992,587,283,360,401,824,603,189,390,869,761,855,907,572,637,988,050,133,502,132,2242290 bytes
Grandbibyte (GriB)

(unofficial)

1,018,517,988,167,243,043,134,222,844,204,689,080,525,734,196,832,968,125,318,070,224,677,190,649,881,668,353,091,698,6882299 bytes
Doombyte (DmiB) (unofficial)1,042,962,419,883,256,876,169,444,192,465,601,618,458,351,817,556,959,360,325,703,910,069,443,225,478,828,393,565,899,456,5122309 bytes
Godbibyte (GdiB) (unofficial)1,067,993,517,960,455,041,197,510,853,084,776,057,301,352,261,178,326,384,973,520,803,911,109,862,890,320,275,011,481,043,468,2882319 bytes
Supbibyte

(SpiB) (unofficial)

1,093,625,362,391,505,962,186,251,113,558,810,682,676,584,715,446,606,218,212,885,303,204,976,499,599,687,961,611,756,588,511,526,9122329 bytes
Googolbibyte (GgiB) (unofficial)1,119,872,371,088,902,105,278,721,140,284,222,139,060,822,748,617,324,767,449,994,550,481,895,935,590,080,472,690,438,746,635,803,557,8882339 bytes

References

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