Germanio

Ang germanio (Iningles germanium) mao ang elementong kimiko sa talaang peryodiko nga may simbolo nga Ge ug kaiphan nga atomik 32. Ang germanio mao ang metalloid.

Germanium
32Ge
Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn Periodic table gallium ← germanium → arsenic
Panagway
grayish-white A 12 gram (2x3 cm) polycrystalline block of Ge with uneven cleaved surfaces
Kinatibuk-ang mga kinaiya
Ngalan, simbolo, kaiphan	germanium, Ge, 32
Paglitok	/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|jər-Plantilya:Smallcaps all-nee-əm]]
Kategoriyang elemento	metalloid
Group, period, block	14, 4, p
Gibug-aton sa atomo	72.63(1)
Kontorno sa elektron	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 2, 8, 18, 4
History
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Pagkadiskobre	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Physical properties
Phase	magahi
Density (near r.t.)	5.323 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	5.60 g·cm−3
Melting point	1211.40 K, 938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F
Boiling point	3106 K, 2833 °C, 5131 °F
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	334 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	2.01 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 762 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1537.5 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 3302.1 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	diamond cubic
Magnetic ordering	Diamagnetic[1]
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 1 Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	60.2 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 5400 m·s−1
Young's modulus	103[2] GPa
Shear modulus	41[2] GPa
Bulk modulus	75[2] GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26[2]
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS registry number	7440-56-4
Band gap energy at 300 K	0.67 eV
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of germanium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε - 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% 70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε - 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% 72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons 73Ge 7.73% 73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons 74Ge 35.94% 74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons 76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 2.039 76Se
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