Germanium

Germanium sī chi̍t khoán hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘, hû-hō sī Ge, goân-chú-hoan 32, sio̍k thòaⁿ-sò͘ cho̍k, sī kim-ku̍t, tēng-ngē ê lūi-kim-sio̍k, chham silicon ia̍h siah ū lūi-sū ê hoà-ha̍k sèng-chit. Germanium ê hoat-hiān-chiá sī Clemens Winkler, i hoat-hiān Germanium ê sèng-chit chham Dmitri Mendeleev chìn-chêng ū-chhek ê "ekasilicon" sio-siâng, jî-chhiáⁿ iōng i kok-ka ê miâ "german-" (Tek-kok) kā sin hoat-hiān ê goân-sò͘ hō miâ. Tī chū-jiân-kài, germanium tiāⁿ chhut-hiān tī iú-ki kim-sio̍k hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t lāi-bīn. Tī kang-gia̍p èng-iōng hong-bīn, sī chè-chō pòaⁿ-tō-thé ê gôan-liāu chi it.

Germanium,  ₃₂Ge

A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
Ki-pún sèng-chit
Miâ, hû-hō	germanium, Ge
Gōa-hêng	grayish-white
Germanium tī chiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì
Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → phi-sò͘
Goân-chú-hoan	32
Goân-chú-liōng (±)	72.630(8)[1]
Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t	lūi-kim-sio̍k
Cho̍k, hun-khu	14 cho̍k, p khu
Chiu-kî	tē 4 chiu-kî
Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit
Siòng	kò͘-thé
Iûⁿ-tiám	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Hut-tiám	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Bi̍t-tō͘  (sek-un)	5.323 g·cm−3
5.60 g·cm−3
Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t	36.94 kJ·mol−1
Cheng-hoat-jia̍t	334 kJ·mol−1
Jia̍t-iông-liōng	23.222 J·mol−1·K−1
cheng-khì-ap P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k tī T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Goân-chú sèng-chit
Sng-hòa-sò͘	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Tiān-hū-tō͘	Pauling scale: 2.01
Tiān-lī-lêng	1st: 762 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 1537.5 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 3302.1 kJ·mol−1
Goân-chú pòaⁿ-kèng	empirical: 122 pm
Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng	122 pm
Van der Waals pòaⁿ-kèng	211 pm
Cha̍p-lio̍k
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	​diamond cubic
Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á)	5400 m·s−1 (at 20 °C)
Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng	6.0 µm·m−1·K−1
Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t	60.2 W·m−1·K−1
Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t	1 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Lêng-phāng	0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Chû-sèng	diamagnetic[2]
Young hē-sò͘	103 GPa[3]
Shear hē-sò͘	41 GPa[3]
Bulk hē-sò͘	75 GPa[3]
Poisson pí	0.26[3]
Mohs ngē-tō͘	6.0
CAS teng-kì pian-hō	7440-56-4
Le̍k-sú
Hō-miâ	after Germany, homeland of the discoverer
Chhui-chhek	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Hoat-hiān	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘
Chú bûn-chiong: germanium ê tông-ūi-sò͘
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε – 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% 70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε – 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% 72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons 73Ge 7.73% 73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons 74Ge 35.94% 74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons 76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 2.039 76Se