 |
| Germanium |
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| Pípè | /dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ (jər-MAY-nee-əm) |
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| Ìhànsójú | grayish white |
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| Ìwúwo átọ̀mù Ar, std(Ge) | 72.630(8)[1] |
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| Germanium ní orí tábìlì àyè |
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|
| Nọ́mbà átọ̀mù (Z) | 32 |
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| Ẹgbẹ́ | group 14 (carbon group) |
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| Àyè | àyè 4 |
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| Àdìpọ̀ | Àdìpọ̀-p |
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| Ẹ̀ka ẹ́límẹ́ntì | Metalloid |
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| Ìtò ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
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| Iye ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù lórí ìpele kọ̀ọ̀kan | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
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| Àwọn ohun ìní ara |
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| Ìfarahàn at STP | solid |
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| Ìgbà ìyọ́ | 1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F) |
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| Ígbà ìhó | 3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) |
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| Kíki (near r.t.) | 5.323 g/cm3 |
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| when liquid (at m.p.) | 5.60 g/cm3 |
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| Heat of fusion | 36.94 kJ/mol |
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| Heat of | 334 kJ/mol |
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| Molar heat capacity | 23.222 J/(mol·K) |
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pressure| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k |
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| at T (K) | 1644 | 1814 | 2023 | 2287 | 2633 | 3104 |
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|
| Atomic properties |
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| Oxidation states | −4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 Àdàkọ:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment |
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| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.01 |
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| Atomic radius | empirical: 122 pm |
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| Covalent radius | 122 pm |
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| Van der Waals radius | 211 pm |
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 Color lines in a spectral rangeSpectral lines of germanium |
| Other properties |
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| Natural occurrence | primordial |
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| Crystal structure | |
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| Speed of sound thin rod | 5400 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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| Thermal expansion | 6.0 µm/(m·K) |
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| Thermal conductivity | 60.2 W/(m·K) |
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| Electrical resistivity | 1 Ω·m (at 20 °C) |
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| Magnetic ordering | Diamagnetic[3] |
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| Young's modulus | 103[4] GPa |
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| Shear modulus | 41[4] GPa |
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| Bulk modulus | 75[4] GPa |
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| Poisson ratio | 0.26[4] |
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| Mohs hardness | 6.0 |
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| CAS Number | 7440-56-4 |
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| Main isotopes of germanium |
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| Isotope | Abundance | Half-life (t1/2) | Decay mode | Product |
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| 68Ge | syn | 270.8 d | ε | - | 68Ga | | 70Ge | 21.23% | 70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons | | 71Ge | syn | 11.26 d | ε | - | 71Ga | | 72Ge | 27.66% | 72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons | | 73Ge | 7.73% | 73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons | | 74Ge | 35.94% | 74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons | | 76Ge | 7.44% | 1.78×1021 y | β−β− | - | 76Se |
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Àdàkọ:Category-inline
| references |
