British Overseas Territories

The British Overseas Territories are the fourteen^[1] territories which are under the United Kingdom's sovereignty.^[2]

Before 1981 they were known as colonies or Crown colonies. The British Overseas Territories are also referred to as overseas territories of the United Kingdom,^[3] UK overseas territories,^[4] or when the context is clear, simply the Overseas Territories.^[1]

Each of the British Overseas Territories has a parliament, government and prime minister to make all laws, except laws about defence and foreign affairs. The British government manages their defence and foreign affairs. British Overseas Territories which have no local population or any population, have no local self-rule. If the British Overseas Territory is ruled badly, the government of the British Overseas Territory can be taken over by the British government and ruled directly by it, without the agreement of the British Overseas Territory.

The territories of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, though under the sovereignty of the British Crown, have a slightly different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom, so they are classed as Crown dependencies rather than Overseas Territories. Unlike British Overseas Territories, the British government cannot take over the government of a Crown dependency, unless the government of the Crown dependency agrees. Territories and dependencies are distinct from the Commonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of former British colonies which are independent countries.

In a historical context, colonies should be distinguished from protectorates and protected states, which though under British control, were nominally independent states, whereas colonies were part of the British state. They should also not be confused with Dominions, which, known collectively as the Commonwealth, were independent states, held to be equal in sovereign status to the United Kingdom within the Empire and Commonwealth after the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Crown colonies, such as Hong Kong, were differentiated from other colonies in being administered directly by the Crown, without the degree of local autonomy found in self-governed colonies and other British overseas territories such as Bermuda.

Current Overseas Territories

Territory	Location	Motto	Area	Population	Capital
Anguilla	Caribbean	Strength and Endurance	102 km² (39.4 sq mi)	12,800	The Valley
Bermuda	North Atlantic Ocean	Quo fata ferunt (Latin: "Whither the Fates carry [us]")	53.3 km² (20.6 sq mi)	64,482	Hamilton
British Antarctic Territory	Antarctica	Research and discovery	1,709,400 km² (666,000 sq mi)	200 staff	Rothera (main base)
British Indian Ocean Territory	Indian Ocean	In tutela nostra Limuria (Latin: "Limuria is in our charge")	60 km² (23 sq mi)	3,200 military and staff	Diego Garcia (base)
British Virgin Islands	Caribbean	Vigilate (Latin: "Be watchful")	153 km² (59 sq mi)	21,730	Road Town
Cayman Islands	Caribbean	He hath founded it upon the seas	260 km² (100.4 sq mi)	46,600	George Town
Falkland Islands	South Atlantic Ocean	Desire the right	12,173 km² (4,702 sq mi)	2,967	Stanley
Gibraltar	Southern Europe	Nulli expugnabilis hosti (Latin: "Conquerable by no enemy")	6.5 km² (2.5 sq mi)	27,776	Gibraltar
Montserrat	Caribbean	Each Endeavouring, All Achieving	102 km² (39 sq mi)	9,000	Plymouth (abandoned due to volcano—de facto capital is Brades)
Pitcairn Islands	Pacific Ocean	Dieu et mon droit (French: "God and my right")	43 km² (17 sq mi) (all islands)	67	Adamstown
Saint Helena (including Ascension, Tristan da Cunha)	South Atlantic Ocean	Loyal and unshakeable	410 km² (158 sq mi) (all islands)	6,563	Jamestown
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	South Atlantic Ocean	Leo terram propriam protegat (Latin: "Let the lion protect his own land")	3,903 km² (1508 sq mi)	11-26 staff	King Edward Point/Grytviken
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia	Mediterranean (Cyprus)	Dieu et mon droit (French: "God and my right")	254 km² (98 sq mi)	15,000 (almost half British military and staff)	Episkopi Cantonment
Turks and Caicos Islands	North Atlantic Ocean	One people, one nation, one destiny	430 km² (166 sq mi)	21,500	Cockburn Town

Government

Head of State

The head of state in the Overseas Territories is the British monarch, currently King Charles III. The King’s role in the territories is in his role as King of the United Kingdom, and not in right of each territory. The monarch appoints a representative in each territory to exercise their executive power.

Governors, Commissioners and Administrators of the Overseas Territories
Governor of Anguilla \| Governor of Bermuda \| Commissioner of the British Antarctic Territory \| Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory \| Governor of the British Virgin Islands \| Governor of the Cayman Islands \| Governor of the Falkland Islands \| Governor of Gibraltar \| Governor of Montserrat \| Governor of the Pitcairn Islands \| Governor of Saint Helena \| Civil Commissioner of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands \| Administrator of Tristan da Cunha \| Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands

Government

All the Overseas Territories have their own system of government, and localised laws. The structure of the government appears to be closely correlated to the size and political development of the territory.

Territories	Government
British Antarctic Territory South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	No native population, therefore there is no elected government. The Commissioner, supported by an Administrator run the affairs of the territory.
British Indian Ocean Territory	There is no elected government, and currently has no native settled population. However, the Chagos Islanders - who were forcibly evicted from the territory in 1971 and might reasonably considered to be that territory's people - are currently defending an appeal against an English High Court judgment which quashed an Order preventing them from returning.
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia	There is no elected government, however the British military authorities try to ensure convergence of laws with those of the Republic of Cyprus where possible.
Pitcairn Islands	There is an elected Mayor and Island Council, who have the power to propose and administer local legislation. However, their decisions are subject to approval by the Governor, who retains near-unlimited powers of plenary legislation on behalf of the United Kingdom Government.
Falkland Islands Saint Helena	The Government consists of an elected Legislative Council. The Governor is the head of government and leads the Executive Council, consisting of appointed members made up from the Legislative Council and two ex-offico members.
Anguilla British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat	These larger territories have a larger Legislative Council, with political parties. The Executive Council is usually called a cabinet and is led by a Chief Minister (except in the Cayman Islands, which have a Leader of Government Business), who is the leader of the majority party in parliament. The Governor exercises less power over local affairs and deals mostly with foreign affairs and economic issues, while the elected government controls most "domestic" concerns.
Gibraltar	Under the 2006 constitution which was approved in Gibraltar by a referendum, Gibraltar now has a Parliament. The Government, headed by the Chief Minister is elected. Defence, external affairs and internal security vest in the Governor as a matter of distribution of powers. The UK, administers absolutely nothing in Gibraltar.^[5]
Bermuda Turks and Caicos Islands	Bermuda, settled in 1609, is the oldest and most populous of the Overseas Territories, and most executive powers have been devolved to the head of government, known as the Premier. Its system of government is very similar to that of a sovereign Commonwealth Realm. The UK government retains only minor powers, exercised through the Governor, but most of those are handed to local ministers for day-to-day purposes. Bermuda's Parliament held its first session in 1620, and Bermuda has been largely self-governed and self-sufficient since then. The Turks and Caicos Islands adopted a new constitution effective 9 August 2006; their head of government now also has the title Premier, and their autonomy has been greatly increased.

Legal system

Each Overseas Territory has its own legal system independent of the United Kingdom. The legal system is generally based on English common law, with some distinctions for local circumstances. Each territory has its own Attorney General, and court system. For the smaller territories, the UK may appoint a UK-based lawyer or judge to work on legal cases. This is particularly important for cases involving serious crimes and where it is impossible to find a jury who will not know the defendant in a small population island.