Republics of Russia

On 18 March 2014, Russia annexed the Autonomous Republic of Crimea of Ukraine after an unrecognized referendum.^[2]The peninsula became the Republic of Crimea, the 22nd republic of Russia. However, Ukraine and most of the international community do not recognize Crimea's annexation.^[3] United Nations General Assembly declared the vote to be illegitimate.^[4]

On 24 February 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine and took large areas of southern and eastern Ukraine. As early as March leaders in the unrecognized Luhansk People's Republic^[5] and Donetsk People's Republic^[6] both said their wish to join Russia, originally once Russia captured all their claimed territory. However, after quick Ukrainian gains in the east in September, Russia and the unrecognized republics rushed a series of referendums on annexation to Russia. The referendum results claimed a large majority supported annexation.^[7] On 30 September 2022, Putin formally announced the annexation of the two republics.^[8] However, the referendums were recognized internationally as a sham while the European Union and G7 said they were illegal.^[9] United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres condemned the annexations as a violation of the UN Charter.^[10]

Kherson Oblast, another region annexed by Russia, was originally thought to be upgrading itself to a "people's republic", according to United States intelligence.^[11] However, it never happened, and by the time of the referendums in late September 2022, Kherson's status in Russia stayed unmentioned. When Kherson was annexed, along with neighbouring Zaporizhzhia Oblast, they became oblasts instead of republics.

• For the individual flags of the republics, see Flags of the federal subjects of Russia.

Name	Map	Domestic common and formal names	Capital	Titular Nationality	Population (2010)[12]	Area
Republic of Adygea		Russian: Республика Адыгея (Respublika Adygeya) Adyghe: Адыгэ Республик (Adıgə Respublik)	Maykop Russian: Майкоп (Maykop) Adyghe: Мыекъуапэ (Mıequapə)	Circassians 25.2%	439,996	7,792 km2 (3,009 sq mi)
Altai Republic		Russian: Республика Алтай (Respublika Altay) Altay: Алтай Республика (Altay Respublika) Kazakh: Алтай – Алтай Республикасы (Altai — Altai Respublikasy)	Gorno-Altaysk Russian: Горно-Алтайск (Gorno-Altaysk) Altay: Улалу (Ulalu) Kazakh: Горно-Алтайск (Gorno-Altaisk)	Altai 33.9%	206,168	92,903 km2 (35,870 sq mi)
Republic of Bashkortostan		Russian: Республика Башкортостан (Respublika Bashkortostan) Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы (Başqortostan Respublikahı)	Ufa Russian: Уфа (Ufa) Bashkir: Өфө (Öfö)	Bashkirs 29.5%	4,072,292	142,947 km2 (55,192 sq mi)
Republic of Buryatia		Russian: Республика Бурятия (Respublika Buryatiya) Buryat: Буряад Улас (Buryaad Ulas)	Ulan-Ude Russian: Улан-Удэ (Ulan-Ude) Buryat: Улаан Үдэ (Ulaan Üde)	Buryats 30%	972,021	351,334 km2 (135,651 sq mi)
Chechen Republic		Russian: Чеченская Республика (Chechenskaya Respublika) Chechen: Нохчийн Республика (Noxçiyn Respublika)	Grozny Russian: Грозный (Grozny) Chechen: Соьлжа-ГӀала (Sölƶa-Ġala)	Chechens 93.4%	1,268,989	16,165 km2 (6,241 sq mi)
Chuvash Republic		Russian: Чувашская Республика (Chuvashskaya Respublika) Chuvash: Чӑваш Республики (Čăvaš Respubliki)	Cheboksary Russian: Чебоксары (Cheboksary) Chuvash: Шупашкар (Šupaškar)	Chuvash 67.7%	1,251,619	18,343 km2 (7,082 sq mi)
Republic of Crimea[a]		Russian: Республика Крым (Krym — Respublika Krym) Ukrainian: Республіка Крим (Respublika Krym) Crimean Tatar: Къырым Джумхуриети (Qırım Cumhuriyeti)	Simferopol Russian: Симферополь (Simferopol) Ukrainian: Сiмферополь (Simferopol) Crimean Tatar: Акъмесджит (Aqmescit)	—[b]	1,913,731	26,081 km2 (10,070 sq mi)
Republic of Dagestan		Russian: Дагестан — Республика Дагестан (Dagestan — Respublika Dagestan) Thirteen other official names Aghul: Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan) Avar: Дагъистаналъул Жумгьурият (Daġistanałul Jumhuriyat) Azerbaijani: Дағыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası) Chechen: Дегӏестан Республика (Deġestan Respublika) Dargwa: Дагъистан Республика (Daġistan Respublika) Kumyk: Дагъыстан Жумгьурият (Dağıstan Cumhuriyat) Lak: Дагъусттаннал Республика (Daġusttannal Respublika) Lezgian: Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan) Nogai: Дагыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası) Rutul: Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan) Tabassaran: Дагъустан Республика (Daġustan Respublika) Tat: Республикей Догъисту (Respublikei Doġistu) Tsakhur: Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)	Makhachkala Russian: Махачкала (Makhachkala)	Thirteen indigenous nationalities List Aghuls 1% Avars 29.4% Azerbaijanis 4.5% Chechens 3.2% Dargins 17% Kumyks 14.9% Laks 5.6% Lezgins 13.3% Nogais 1.4% Rutuls 1% Tabasarans 4.1% Tats 0.5% Tsakhurs 0.3%	2,910,249	50,270 km2 (19,409 sq mi)
Donetsk People's Republic[c]		Russian: Донецкая Народная Республика (Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika)	Donetsk Russian: Донецк (Donetsk)	—	4,100,280[d]	26,517 km2 (10,238 sq mi)[e]
Republic of Ingushetia		Russian: Республика Ингушетия (Respublika Ingushetiya) Ingush: ГӀалгӀай Мохк (Ġalġay Moxk)	Magas Russian: Магас (Magas) Ingush: Магас (Magas)	Ingush 94.1%	412,529	3,123 km2 (1,206 sq mi)
Kabardino-Balkar Republic		Russian: Кабардино-Балкарская Республика (Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika) Kabardian: Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ (Qəbərdey-Batlqər Respublikə) Karachay-Balkar: Къабарты-Малкъар Республика (Qabartı-Malqar Respublika)	Nalchik Russian: Нальчик (Nalchik) Kabardian: Налщӏэч (Nalş’əç) Karachay-Balkar: Нальчик (Nalchik)	Balkars 12.7% Kabardians 57.2%	859,939	12,470 km2 (4,815 sq mi)
Republic of Kalmykia		Russian: Республика Калмыкия (Respublika Kalmykiya) Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч (Haľmg Tañğç)	Elista Russian: Элиста (Elista) Kalmyk: Элст (Elst)	Kalmyks 57.4%	289,481	74,731 km2 (28,854 sq mi)
Karachay-Cherkess Republic		Russian: Карачаево-Черкесская Республика (Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Respublika) Four other official names Abaza: Къарча-Черкес Республика (Qarça-Çerkes Respublika) Kabardian: Къэрэшей-Шэрджэс Республикэ (Qərəṩey-Ṩərcəs Respublikə) Karachay-Balkar: Къарачай-Черкес Республика (Qaraçay-Çerkes Respublika) Nogai: Карашай-Шеркеш Республика(Karaşay-Şerkeş Respublika)	Cherkessk Russian: Черкесск (Čerkessk) Four other official names Abaza: Черкес къала (Черкесск) Kabardian: Шэрджэс къалэ (Ṩərcəs qalə) Karachay-Balkar: Черкесск (Çerkessk) Nogai: Шеркеш шахар (Şerkeş şahar)	Abazins 7.8% Kabardians 11.9% Karachays 41% Nogais 3.3%	477,859	14,277 km2 (5,512 sq mi)
Republic of Karelia		Russian: Республика Карелия (Respublika Kareliya) Karelian: Karjalan tazavaldu[f]	Petrozavodsk Russian: Петрозаводск (Petrozavodsk) Karelian: Petroskoi	Karelians 7.4%	643,548	180,520 km2 (69,699 sq mi)
Republic of Khakassia		Russian: Республика Хакасия (Respublika Khakasiya) Khakas: Хакас Республиказы (Khakas Respublikazy)	Abakan Russian: Абакан (Abakan) Khakas: Абахан (Abakhan)	Khakas 12.1%	532,403	61,569 km2 (23,772 sq mi)
Komi Republic		Russian: Республика Коми (Respublika Komi) Komi: Коми Республика (Komi Respublika)	Syktyvkar Russian: Сыктывкар (Syktyvkar) Komi: Сыктывкар (Syktyvkar)	Komi 23.7%	901,189	416,774 km2 (160,917 sq mi)
Luhansk People’s Republic[c]		Russian: Луганская Народная Республика (Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika)	Luhansk Russian: Луганск (Lugansk)	—	2,121,322[d]	26,684 km2 (10,303 sq mi)[e]
Mari El Republic		Russian: Республика Марий Эл (Respublika Mariy El) Hill Mari: Мары Эл Республик (Mary El Republik) Meadow Mari: Марий Эл Республик (Mariy El Republik)	Yoshkar-Ola Russian: Йошкар-Ола (Yoshkar-Ola) Hill Mari: Йошкар-Ола (Yoshkar-Ola) Meadow Mari: Йошкар-Ола (Yoshkar-Ola)	Mari 43.9%	696,459	23,375 km2 (9,025 sq mi)
Republic of Mordovia		Russian: Республика Мордовия (Respublika Mordoviya) Erzya: Мордовия Республикась (Mordovija Respublikas) Moksha: Мордовия Pеспубликась (Mordovija Respublikas)	Saransk Russian: Саранск (Saransk) Erzya: Саран ош (Saran osh) Moksha: Саранош (Saranosh)	Mordvins 40%	834,755	26,128 km2 (10,088 sq mi)
Republic of North Ossetia–Alania		Russian: Республика Северная Осетия–Алания (Respublika Severnaya Osetiya–Alaniya) Ossetian: Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон–Алани (Respublikæ Cægat Iryston–Alani)	Vladikavkaz Russian: Владикавказ (Vladikavkaz) Ossetian: Дзӕуджыхъӕу (Dzæudžyqæu)	Ossetians 65.1%	712,980	7,987 km2 (3,084 sq mi)
Republic of Sakha		Russian: Республика Саха (Respublika Sakha) Yakut: Саха Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ (Sakha Öröspüübülükete)	Yakutsk Russian: Якутск (Yakutsk) Yakut: Дьокуускай (Dokuuskay)	Yakuts 49.9%	958,528	3,083,523 km2 (1,190,555 sq mi)
Republic of Tatarstan		Russian: Республика Татарстан (Respublika Tatarstan) Tatar: Татарстан Республикасы (Tatarstan Respublikası)	Kazan Russian: Казань (Kazan) Tatar: Казан (Kazan)	Tatars 53.2%	3,786,488	67,847 km2 (26,196 sq mi)
Tuva Republic		Russian: Республика Тува (Respublika Tuva) Tuvan: Тыва Республика (Tyva Respublika)	Kyzyl Russian: Кызыл (Kyzyl) Tuvan: Кызыл (Kyzyl)	Tuvans 82%	307,930	168,604 km2 (65,098 sq mi)
Udmurt Republic		Russian: Удмуртская Республика (Udmurtskaya Respublika) Udmurt: Удмурт Элькун (Udmurt Elkun)	Izhevsk Russian: Ижевск (Izhevsk) Udmurt: Ижкар (Ižkar)	Udmurts 28%	1,521,420	42,061 km2 (16,240 sq mi)

• Heaney, Dominic (2018). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2018. Europa Territories of the World series. Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-35110-391-6. OCLC 1027753558.
• John Raymond, Walter (1992). Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms. Brunswick Publishing Corp. pp. 120. ISBN 9781556180088.
• Cope, Zak; Ness, Immanuel (2016). The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism. Palgrave Macmillian. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-230-39278-6.
• Feldbrugge, Ferdinand; Simons, William; Van den Berg, Gerard (1985). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 467. ISBN 90-247-3075-9.
• Kemp, Walter (1999). Nationalism and Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union: A Basic Contradiction?. Macmillian Press LTD. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-230-37525-3.
• Chulos, Chris; Piirainen, Timo (2000). The Fall of an Empire, the Birth of a Nation: National Identities in Russia. Ashgate Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-315-20039-2.
• Rett, Ludwikowski (1996). Constitution-making in the Region of Former Soviet Dominance. Duke University Press. p. 618. ISBN 978-0-8223-1802-6.
• Kotljarchuk, Andrej; Sundström, Olle (2017). Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union: New Dimensions of Research (PDF). Södertörn University. p. 15-16. ISBN 978-91-7601-777-7.
• Bugay, Nikolay (1996). The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union. Nova Science Publishers. p. 156. ISBN 1-56072-371-8.
• Askerov, Ali (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4422-4925-7.
• Guchinova, Elza-Bair (2007). Deportation of the Kalmyks (1943–1956): Stigmatized Ethnicity. Hokkaido University Press. pp. 187–188.
• Tanner, Arno (2004). The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The History and Today of Selected Ethnic Groups in Five Countries. East-West Books. p. 31. ISBN 9789529168088.
• Polian, Pavel (2004). Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Central European University Press. p. 199. ISBN 963-9241-68-7.
• Gladman, Imogen (2004). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2004. Europa Publications. p. 102. ISBN 1-85743-248-7.
• Simons, Greg; Westerlund, David (2015). Religion, Politics and Nation-Building in Post-Communist Countries. Ashgate Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 9781472449696.
• Ross, Cameron (2002). Regional Politics in Russia. Manchester University Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-7190-5890-2.
• Newton, Julie; Tompson, William (2010). Institutions, Ideas and Leadership in Russian Politics. Palgrave Macmillian. pp. 119. ISBN 978-1-349-36232-5.
• Kahn, Jeffery (2002). Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia. Oxford University Press. pp. 106. ISBN 0-19-924699-8.
• Berman, Margo; Yakovlev, Alexander (1996). Striving for Law in a Lawless Land: Memoirs of a Russian Reformer. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 104–105. ISBN 1-56324-639-2.
• Saunders, Robert; Strukov, Vlad (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation. Scarecrow Press. pp. 59. ISBN 978-0-8108-7460-2.
• René, De La Pedraja (2018). The Russian Military Resurgence: Post-Soviet Decline and Rebuilding, 1992-2018. McFarland & Company. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-1-47666-991-5.
• Boex, Jameson; Martinez-Vazquez, Jorge (2001). Russia's Transition to a New Federalism. International Bank for Reconstruction. p. 4. ISBN 0-8213-4840-X.
• Clark, Terry; Kempton, Daniel (2002). Unity or Separation: Center-Periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union. Praeger. p. 77. ISBN 0-275-97306-9.
• Sergunin, Alexander (2016). Explaining Russian Foreign Policy Behavior: Theory and Practice. Ibidem. p. 185. ISBN 978-3-8382-6782-1.
• Kempton, Daniel; Clark, Terry (2002). Unity or Separation: Center-Periphery Relations in the Former Soviet Union. Praeger. pp. 39–40. ISBN 0-275-97306-9.
• Wegren, Stephen (2015). Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4422-3919-7.
• Goode, J. Paul (2011). The Decline of Regionalism in Putin's Russia: Boundary Issues. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-203-81623-3.
• Heaney, Dominic (2009). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2009. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-857-43517-7.
• Bell, Imogen (2003). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2003. Europa Publications. p. 78. ISBN 1-85743-191-X.
• Lussier, Danielle; Orttung, Robert; Paretskaya, Anna (2000). The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders. EastWest Institute. pp. 523–524. ISBN 0-7656-0559-7.
• Rubin, Barnett; Snyder, Jack (2002). Post-Soviet Political Order. Routledge. pp. 69. ISBN 0-415-17069-9.
• Joshau, Woods; Shlapentokh, Vladimir (2007). Contemporary Russia as a Feudal Society: A New Perspective on the Post-Soviet Era. Springer. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0-230-60969-3.
• Ross, Cameron (2003). Federalism and Democratisation in Russia. Manchester University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-7190-5869-1.
• Roeder, Philip (2007). Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. Princeton University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-691-12728-6.
• Sotiriou, Stylianos (2019). Politics and International Relations in Eurasia. Lexington Books. p. 100. ISBN 9781498565394.