Ekonomi Tiongkok
Ekonomi Republik Rakyat Tiongkok adalah ekonomi berorientasi pasar yang sedang berkembang,[21] yang menggabungkan perencanaan ekonomi melalui kebijakan industri dan rencana strategis lima tahun.[21] Perekonomian Tiongkok terdiri dari perusahaan milik negara (BUMN) dan perusahaan kepemilikan campuran, serta sektor swasta domestik yang besar dan keterbukaan terhadap bisnis asing dalam sistem yang secara resmi digambarkan sebagai ekonomi pasar sosialis. Perusahaan milik negara menyumbang lebih dari 60% kapitalisasi pasar Tiongkok pada 2019[22] dan menghasilkan 40% dari PDB Tiongkok sebesar US$15,98 triliun (101,36 triliun yuan) pada tahun 2020, dengan bisnis swasta domestik dan asing serta investasi menyumbang 60% sisanya.[23][24] Hingga akhir 2019, total aset seluruh BUMN Tiongkok, termasuk yang bergerak di sektor keuangan, mencapai US$58,97 triliun pada 2015.[25] Sembilan puluh satu (91) BUMN ini masuk dalam daftar perusahaan Fortune Global 500 tahun 2020.[26] Tiongkok memiliki ekonomi terbesar kedua di dunia jika diukur dengan PDB nominal, dan yang terbesar di dunia sejak 2014[27] jika diukur dengan Keseimbangan Kemampuan Berbelanja (KKB). Tiongkok telah menjadi negara dengan ekonomi terbesar kedua berdasarkan PDB nominal sejak 2010, dengan data mengandalkan nilai tukar pasar yang berfluktuasi.[28] Tiongkok juga baru-baru ini telah melampaui ekonomi Uni Eropa pada tahun 2021. Sebuah perkiraan menyatakan bahwa Tiongkok akan menjadi ekonomi terbesar di dunia dalam PDB nominal pada tahun 2028.[29] Secara historis, Tiongkok adalah salah satu kekuatan ekonomi terkemuka di dunia selama hampir dua milenium, dari abad ke-1 hingga ke-19.[30]
Ekonomi Tiongkok | |
---|---|
Mata uang | Renminbi (CNY, ¥) |
Tahun fiskal | Tahun kalender |
Organisasi organizations | WTO, BRICS, SCO, APEC, RCEP, G-20, G-77 dan lainnya |
Statistik | |
PDB | |
Pertumbuhan PDB | |
PDB per kapita | |
PDB per sektor | |
PDB per komponen |
|
Inflasi (IHK) | 2,9% (2020)[1] |
Penduduk di bawah garis kemiskinan | |
Koefisien gini | ▲ 46,7 tinggi (2018)[6][note 2] |
Labor kerja | |
Labor kerja berdasarkan sektor | |
Pengangguran | |
Industri utama |
|
Peringkat kemudahan melakukan bisnis | ke-31 (sangat mudah, 2020)[11] |
Eksternal | |
Ekspor | US$3,36 triliun (2021)[12] |
Komoditas ekspor |
|
Tujuan ekspor utama |
|
Impor | $2,69 triliun (2021)[12] |
Komoditas impor |
|
Negara asal impor utama |
|
Modal investasi langsung asing | |
Utang kotor luar negeri | ▲ US$1,598 triliun (31 December 2017)[4] |
Pembiayaan publik | |
Utang publik | ▲ 47% dari PDB (2017)[4][note 4] |
Pendapatan | CNY 30,74 triliun (US$4,45 trilun)[14] 31% dari PDB (2019) |
Beban | CNY 37,18 triliun (US$5,38 triliun)[14] 37,5% dari PDB (2019) |
Peringkat utang | |
Cadangan mata uang asing | US$3,219 triliun (Oktober 2019)[19][20] (ke-1) |
Sumber data utama: CIA World Fact Book |
Ekonomi wilayah
Terdapat 31 pembagian administratif di Tiongkok. Di bawah ini adalah pembagian administratif teratas di Tiongkok menurut peringkat GDP pada 2012.[31] GDP dialihkan dari CNY ke USD menggunakan rating FX dari 6.3125 CNY/USD.[32][33]
Peringkat | Divisi Administratif | GDP $ miliar 2012 | GDP per kapita $2012 | Jumlah penduduk pertengahan tahun 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Guangdong | 904.05 | 8,570 | 105,494,200 |
2 | Jiangsu | 856.37 | 10,827 | 79,093,900 |
3 | Shandong | 792.29 | 8,201 | 96,610,000 |
4 | Zhejiang | 548.22 | 10,022 | 54,700,000 |
5 | Henan | 472.24 | 5,025 | 93,970,000 |
6 | Hebei | 420.99 | 5,796 | 72,640,100 |
7 | Liaoning | 392.89 | 8,958 | 43,860,000 |
8 | Sichuan | 377.82 | 4,686 | 80,631,000 |
9 | Hubei | 352.48 | 6,111 | 57,682,500 |
10 | Hunan | 350.96 | 5,304 | 66,172,500 |
Tren makroekonomi
Sejarah figur GDP di Tiongkok pada 1978 - 2012 [34] | ||||||||||||
Tahun | GDP (dalam jutaan) | GDP per kapita | ||||||||||
CN¥ | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada CN¥(%) | US$ | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada US$(%) | PPP (Intl$.) | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada ppp (%) | pertumbuhan riil (%) | CN¥ | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada CN¥(%) | US$ | PPP (Intl$.) | pertumbuhan riil (%) | |
p2012 | 51,932,210 | 9.8 | 8,226,885 | 12.3 | 12,405,670 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 38,449 | 9.2 | 6,091 | 9,185 | 7.2 |
r2011 | 47,310,400 | 17.8 | 7,324,952 | 23.5 | 11,305,769 | 11.6 | 9.3 | 35,198 | 17.3 | 5,450 | 8,411 | 8.8 |
r2010 | 40,151,280 | 17.8 | 5,931,203 | 18.8 | 10,128,399 | 11.9 | 10.4 | 30,015 | 17.2 | 4,434 | 7,571 | 9.9 |
r2009 | 34,090,281 | 8.6 | 4,990,526 | 10.4 | 9,049,450 | 10.2 | 9.2 | 25,608 | 8.0 | 3,749 | 6,798 | 8.7 |
2008 | 31,404,543 | 18.1 | 4,521,827 | 29.4 | 8,214,366 | 12.1 | 9.6 | 23,708 | 17.5 | 3,414 | 6,201 | 9.1 |
2007 | 26,581,031 | 22.9 | 3,495,664 | 28.8 | 7,329,920 | 17.5 | 14.2 | 20,169 | 22.2 | 2,652 | 5,562 | 13.6 |
2006 | 21,631,443 | 17.0 | 2,713,495 | 20.2 | 6,239,567 | 16.3 | 12.7 | 16,500 | 16.3 | 2,070 | 4,759 | 12.0 |
2005 | 18,493,737 | 15.7 | 2,257,619 | 16.9 | 5,364,258 | 14.2 | 11.3 | 14,185 | 15.0 | 1,732 | 4,115 | 10.7 |
2004 | 15,987,834 | 17.7 | 1,931,644 | 17.7 | 4,697,901 | 13.0 | 10.1 | 12,336 | 17.0 | 1,490 | 3,625 | 9.4 |
2003 | 13,582,276 | 12.9 | 1,640,966 | 12.9 | 4,157,822 | 12.3 | 10.0 | 10,542 | 12.2 | 1,274 | 3,227 | 9.3 |
2002 | 12,033,269 | 9.7 | 1,453,820 | 9.7 | 3,701,133 | 10.8 | 9.1 | 9,398 | 9.0 | 1,135 | 2,891 | 8.4 |
2001 | 10,965,517 | 10.5 | 1,324,818 | 10.5 | 3,338,919 | 10.7 | 8.3 | 8,622 | 9.7 | 1,042 | 2,625 | 7.5 |
2000 | 9,921,455 | 10.6 | 1,198,475 | 10.6 | 3,014,891 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 7,858 | 9.8 | 949 | 2,388 | 7.6 |
1999 | 8,967,705 | 6.2 | 1,083,279 | 6.3 | 2,721,556 | 9.2 | 7.6 | 7,159 | 5.3 | 865 | 2,172 | 6.7 |
1998 | 8,440,228 | 6.9 | 1,019,462 | 7.0 | 2,492,189 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 6,796 | 5.9 | 821 | 2,007 | 6.8 |
1997 | 7,897,303 | 11.0 | 952,653 | 11.3 | 2,285,333 | 11.2 | 9.3 | 6,420 | 9.8 | 774 | 1,858 | 8.2 |
1996 | 7,117,659 | 17.1 | 856,085 | 17.6 | 2,054,666 | 12.1 | 10.0 | 5,846 | 15.9 | 703 | 1,688 | 8.9 |
1995 | 6,079,373 | 26.1 | 727,981 | 30.2 | 1,832,827 | 13.2 | 10.9 | 5,046 | 24.8 | 604 | 1,521 | 9.7 |
1994 | 4,819,786 | 36.4 | 559,224 | -8.8 | 1,618,589 | 15.5 | 13.1 | 4,044 | 34.9 | 469 | 1,358 | 11.8 |
1993 | 3,533,392 | 31.2 | 613,223 | 25.6 | 1,401,823 | 16.5 | 14.0 | 2,998 | 29.7 | 520 | 1,190 | 12.7 |
1992 | 2,692,348 | 23.6 | 488,222 | 19.3 | 1,203,462 | 16.9 | 14.2 | 2,311 | 22.1 | 419 | 1,033 | 12.8 |
1991 | 2,178,150 | 16.7 | 409,173 | 4.8 | 1,029,043 | 13.0 | 9.2 | 1,893 | 15.1 | 356 | 894 | 7.7 |
1990 | 1,866,782 | 9.9 | 390,279 | -13.5 | 910,270 | 7.8 | 3.8 | 1,644 | 8.2 | 344 | 802 | 2.3 |
1989 | 1,699,232 | 13.0 | 451,311 | 11.7 | 844,044 | 8.0 | 4.1 | 1,519 | 11.2 | 403 | 755 | 2.5 |
1988 | 1,504,282 | 24.7 | 404,149 | 24.7 | 781,297 | 15.1 | 11.3 | 1,366 | 22.8 | 367 | 709 | 9.5 |
1987 | 1,205,862 | 17.4 | 323,974 | 8.9 | 678,661 | 14.8 | 11.6 | 1,112 | 15.5 | 299 | 626 | 9.8 |
1986 | 1,027,518 | 14.0 | 297,590 | -3.1 | 590,966 | 11.2 | 8.8 | 963 | 12.3 | 279 | 554 | 7.2 |
1985 | 901,604 | 25.1 | 307,023 | -0.9 | 531,421 | 16.9 | 13.5 | 858 | 23.4 | 292 | 506 | 11.9 |
1984 | 720,805 | 20.9 | 309,757 | 2.6 | 454,455 | 19.5 | 15.2 | 695 | 19.3 | 299 | 438 | 13.7 |
1983 | 596,265 | 12.0 | 301,799 | 7.3 | 380,210 | 15.3 | 10.9 | 583 | 10.4 | 295 | 372 | 9.3 |
1982 | 532,335 | 8.8 | 281,287 | -2.0 | 329,799 | 15.8 | 9.1 | 528 | 7.2 | 279 | 327 | 7.5 |
1981 | 489,156 | 7.6 | 286,895 | -5.5 | 284,910 | 15.1 | 5.2 | 492 | 6.2 | 289 | 287 | 3.9 |
1980 | 454,562 | 11.9 | 303,446 | 16.1 | 247,622 | 7.8 | 463 | 10.5 | 309 | 252 | 6.5 | |
1979 | 406,258 | 11.4 | 261,259 | 20.7 | 7.6 | 419 | 10.0 | 270 | 6.1 | |||
1978 | 364,522 | 13.2 | 216,462 | 11.7 | 381 | 11.7 | 226 | 10.2 |
tahun | GDP (dalam jutaan) | GDP per kapita | ||||
CN¥ | pertumbuhan | pertumbuhan riil | CN¥ | pertumbuhan | pertumbuhan riil | |
1978 | 364,522 | 13.2 | 11.7 | 381 | 11.7 | 10.2 |
1977 | 322,105 | 8.8 | 7.6 | 341 | 7.2 | 6.2 |
1976 | 296,147 | -1.7 | -1.6 | 318 | -3.3 | -3.1 |
1975 | 301,311 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 329 | 5.8 | 6.8 |
1974 | 280,374 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 311 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
1973 | 273,335 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 310 | 5.4 | 5.4 |
1972 | 253,022 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 294 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
1971 | 243,526 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 290 | 5.1 | 4.1 |
1970 | 226,132 | 16.2 | 19.4 | 276 | 13.1 | 16.1 |
1969 | 194,578 | 12.5 | 16.9 | 244 | 9.4 | 13.7 |
1968 | 173,016 | -2.8 | -4.1 | 223 | -5.5 | -6.6 |
1967 | 178,028 | -5.0 | -5.7 | 236 | -7.5 | -8.1 |
1966 | 187,308 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 255 | 6.3 | 7.7 |
1965 | 171,720 | 18.0 | 17 | 240 | 15.4 | 14.3 |
1964 | 145,554 | 17.7 | 18.3 | 208 | 14.9 | 15.5 |
1963 | 123,637 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 181 | 4.6 | 7.5 |
1962 | 115,124 | -5.7 | -5.6 | 173 | -6.5 | -6.4 |
1961 | 122,094 | -16.2 | -27.3 | 185 | -15.1 | -26.6 |
1960 | 145,747 | 1.2 | -0.3 | 218 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
1959 | 144,036 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 216 | 8.0 | 6.7 |
1958 | 130,821 | 22.3 | 21.3 | 200 | 19.0 | 18.3 |
1957 | 106,929 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 168 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
1956 | 102,898 | 13.0 | 15 | 166 | 10.7 | 12.7 |
1955 | 91,078 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 150 | 4.2 | 4.5 |
1954 | 85,938 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 144 | 1.4 | 1.8 |
1953 | 82,419 | 21.4 | 15.6 | 142 | 19.3 | 13.1 |
1952 | 67,900 | 119 |
Sistem pajak
Sektor
Agribudaya
Tiongkok adalah produsen dan konsumen produk-produk agribudaya terbesar di dunia – dan sekitar 300 juta pekerja perkebunan Tiongkok berada di perindustrian
Energi dan sumber daya mineral
Pertambangan
Perdagangan luar negeri
Periode | Perdagangan Dua Jalur | Ekspor | Impor |
---|---|---|---|
1981–85 | +12.8% | +8.6% | +16.1% |
1986–90 | +10.6% | +17.8% | +4.8% |
1991–95 | +19.5% | +19.1% | +19.9% |
1996–2000 | +11.0% | +10.9% | +11.3% |
2001–05 | +24.6% | +25.0% | +24.0% |
2006-10 | +15.9% | +15.7% | +16.1% |
2014 | +3.4% | +6.1% | +0.4% |
Demografi
Transportasi dan infrastruktur
Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi
Catatan
- China: Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Lcweb2.loc.gov (27 Juli 2010). Retrieved on 6 Agustus 2010.
Referensi
Lihat juga
Pranala luar dan bacaan tambahan
Cari tahu mengenai Economy of China pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: | |
Definisi dan terjemahan dari Wiktionary | |
Gambar dan media dari Commons | |
Berita dari Wikinews | |
Kutipan dari Wikiquote | |
Teks sumber dari Wikisource | |
Buku dari Wikibuku |
- China Economic Information Network (CEInet) under the SIC
- China Monitor is the International presence of the SIC's CEInet Diarsipkan 2017-09-14 di Wayback Machine.
- Chinability Background and statistics on China's economy and business climate.
- Chinability Blog Diarsipkan 2016-11-04 di Wayback Machine. Up-to-date analysis of the Chinese economy.
- China on the World Stage from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- Asian Development Bank, China Diarsipkan 2010-04-24 di Wayback Machine.
- China Economy Diarsipkan 2010-03-27 di Wayback Machine. (China Economic Information Network). News stories and subscriber-only market analysis for various sectors of the country's economy.
- The State of the Chinese Economy USC U.S. China Institute 2011 conference on the structure, health, and future of China's economy. Twenty leading analysts examined the macroeconomic situation, worries about property bubbles and debt accumulation, labor and human capital trends, and the challenges posed by the health care and pension needs of an aging population. USChinaInstitute di YouTube.
- China's economy. Articles By Subject. Economist.com
- China Economic Net
- China Economic Review
- Far Eastern Economic Review Diarsipkan 2006-07-20 di Wayback Machine. Dow Jones' monthly magazine on Asia. For valuable insights on Asia's business and political development. With search and 58-year archive.
- Chinese Economy China Daily Special Coverage
- Financial Times, China
- The New York Times series "Choking on Growth"
- "Goldman Sachs Downgrades China’s Economy" Diarsipkan 2015-04-04 di Wayback Machine. Stocknewsdesk
Data dan Statistik
- National Bureau of Statistics of China
- China's State Information Center (SIC)
- World Bank, China
- World Bank China 2012 Trade Summary Statistics
- IMF, China
- Comprehensive current and historical economic data
- Chinese Economy statistics NationMaster (All stats)
- Economy of China | statistics and charts statistics and charts extracted from the CIA Factbook & Worldbank data
- Tariffs applied by China as provided by ITC's Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.
- Trade Profile (Exports/Imports) - China
Jurnal
- China Economic Journal Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- China Economic Quarterly
- China & World Economy China & World Economy – Journal Information Diarsipkan 2012-09-24 di Wayback Machine.. Blackwellpublishing.com (2010-05-07). Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies (JCEBS) Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-08-06. is the official journal of the Chinese Economic Association (UK). CEA Publications – Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. Ceauk.org.uk. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies Emerald, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies information. Emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- The China Quarterly Journals.cambridge.org
- The Chinese Economy M.E. Sharpe, Inc. – Journal Information. Mesharpe.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- Journal of Chinese Economic Studies (ISSN: 1348-2521)
- Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association (ISSN: 0529-6528)
- China: An International Journal (ISSN: 0219-7472)
- China Economic Review (ISSN: 1043-951X)
- China Review (ISSN: 1680-2012)
- Frontiers of Economics in China (ISSN: 1673-3444)
- China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society (pre-publication version)
- Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.. 2012. China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 License: Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 Unported."
- URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6057
- Date: 2012-02-27
- Author(s): World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.
- China 2030
- Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.. 2012. China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 License: Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 Unported."
Buku
- Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). La silenciosa conquista china (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Barcelona: Crítica.
Templat:Ekonomi Tiongkok