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Alfred Nobel The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the Nobel Prizes which were created by Alfred Nobel . This award is decided by the Karolinska Institutet , a major medical center in Sweden . The Prize is given every year to a person or persons who have done excellent work in the area of medicine (treating or stopping disease) or physiology (the way the body works).
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1906 1901 – Emil von Behring , Germany, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria [1] 1902 – Ronald Ross , United Kingdom, for work on malaria [2] 1903 – Niels Ryberg Finsen , Denmark, for treating Lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation .[3] 1904 – Ivan Pavlov , Russia, for his work on the way digestion works.[4] 1905 – Robert Koch , Germany, for studying tuberculosis [5] 1906 – Camillo Golgi , Italy and Santiago Ramón y Cajal , Spain for their work on the parts of the nervous system [6] 1907 – Alphonse Laveran , France, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease[7] 1908 – Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov , Russia, and Paul Ehrlich , Germany, for finding out how immunity fights disease[8] 1909 – Emil Theodor Kocher , Switzerland, for his work on the thyroid gland [9] 1910 – Albrecht Kossel , Germany, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances [10] Allvar Gullstrand, 1911 1911 – Allvar Gullstrand , Sweden, for his work on light refraction and the eye [11] 1912 – Alexis Carrel , France, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs [12] 1913 – Charles Robert Richet , France, for his work on anaphylaxis [13] 1914 – Robert Bárány , Austria, for his work on the ear and balance [14] 1915 – Not awarded 1916 – Not awarded 1917 – Not awarded 1918 – Not awarded 1919 – Jules Bordet , Belgium, for his discoveries about immunity [15] Frederick Banting, 1923 1920 – August Krogh , Denmark, for his discoveries about capillaries [16] 1921 – Not awarded 1922 – Archibald Vivian Hill , United Kingdom, for finding out how muscles make heat[17] 1922 – Otto Fritz Meyerhof , Germany, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles [17] 1923 – Frederick Grant Banting , Canada and John Macleod , Canada, for the discovery of insulin "[18] 1924 – Willem Einthoven , The Netherlands, for inventing the electrocardiogram "[19] 1925 – Not awarded 1926 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger , Denmark, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer [20] 1927 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg , Austria, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis [21] 1928 – Charles Jules Henri Nicolle , France, for his work on typhus [22] 1929, Christiaan Eijkman , The Netherlands, for finding out how to use a vitamin to stop nerve pain"[23] 1929 – Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins , United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth[23] 1930 – Karl Landsteiner , for discovery of human blood types .[24] 1931 – Otto Heinrich Warburg , Germany, for his discovery of the respiratory enzyme .[25] 1932 – Sir Charles Scott Sherrington , United Kingdom, and Edgar Douglas Adrian , United Kingdom, for discoveries about neurons (nerve cells).[26] 1933 – Thomas Hunt Morgan , United States, for his work on chromosomes and heredity ".[27] 1934 – George Hoyt Whipple , George Richards Minot , and William Parry Murphy , United States, for their work on how eating liver could cure anaemia .[28] 1935 – Hans Spemann , Germany, for finding the organizer effect in embryonic development.[29] 1936 – Sir Henry Hallett Dale , United Kingdom, and Otto Loewi , Austria for their discoveries about neurotransmitters and nerve impulses .[30] 1937 – Albert Szent-Györgyi , Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, vitamin C and chemical changes of fumaric acid .[31] 1938 – Corneille Heymans , Belgium, for work on the paranasal sinus and aortic mechanisms in the control of breathing.[32] 1939 – Gerhard Domagk , Germany, for finding the antibacterial effects of prontosil.[33] Alexander Fleming, 1945 1940 – Not awarded 1941 – Not awarded 1942 – Not awarded 1943 – Henrik Carl Peter Dam , Denmark, for his discovery of vitamin K [34] 1943 – Edward Adelbert Doisy , United States, for work on vitamin K "[34] 1944 – Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser , United States, for their discoveries about single nerve fibres [35] 1945 – Sir Alexander Fleming , Ernst Boris Chain , United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey , Australia, for the discovery of penicillin and making it into an antibiotic to cure infectious diseases [36] 1946 – Hermann Joseph Muller , United States, for the discovery of mutations caused by X-ray irradiation[37] 1947 – Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz , United States, for their work on catalytic conversion of glycogen [38] 1947 – Bernardo Alberto Houssay , Argentina, for finding out how the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe works in the metabolism of sugar [38] 1948 – Paul Hermann Müller , Switzerland, for his work on DDT as a poison against several insects [39] 1949 – Walter Rudolf Hess , Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the brain controls the internal organs[40] 1949 – António Egas Moniz , Portugal, for using leucotomy (brain surgery ) to cure some mental illnesses.[40] Selman Waksman, 1952 1950 – Philip French , Edward Kendall , United States, and Tadeusz Reichstein , Switzerland, for the hormones of the adrenal cortex.[41] 1951 – Max Theiler , Union of South Africa, for his discoveries about yellow fever .[42] 1952 – Selman Waksman , United States, for discovering streptomycin , the first antibiotic to work against tuberculosis .[43] 1953 – Hans Krebs , United Kingdom, for his discovery of the citric acid cycle .[44] 1953 – Fritz Lipmann , United States, for his discovery of co-enzyme A .[44] 1954 – John Enders , Frederick Robbins , and Thomas Weller , United States, for discovering the poliomyelitis virus and growing it in a laboratory.[45] 1955 – Hugo Theorell , Sweden, for his discoveries about enzymes changing with oxygen .[46] 1956 – André Cournand , Dickinson Richards , United States, and Werner Forssmann , Federal Republic of Germany , for their discoveries about heart catheterization and changes in the circulatory system .[47] 1957 – Daniel Bovet , Italy for his work on antihistamine and what they do to parts of the body.[48] 1958 – George Beadle and Edward Tatum , United States, for finding out how genes work.[49] 1958 – Joshua Lederberg , United States, for finding out how genetic recombination works in bacteria (transduction (genetics) ).[49] 1959 – Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa , United States, for their discovery of how living things make ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).[50] Frank Macfarlane Burnet, 1960 1960 – Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet , Australia, and Sir Peter Medawar , United Kingdom, for their discovery of acquired immune tolerance.[51] 1961 – Georg von Békésy , United States, for his discoveries about the cochlea (inner ear).[52] 1962 – Francis Crick , United Kingdom, James D. Watson , United States, and Maurice Wilkins , New Zealand , for finding the structure of nucleic acids and its importance in coding information in living things.[53] 1963 – Sir John Eccles , Australia, Alan Hodgkin , United Kingdom, and Andrew Huxley , United Kingdom, for their discoveries about nerve cell membrane .[54] 1964 – Konrad Bloch , United States, and Feodor Lynen , Federal Republic of Germany, for finding out how cholesterol and fatty acid work in the body.[55] 1965 – François Jacob , André Lwoff , and Jacques Monod , France, for finding out how genes control viruses .[56] 1966 – Peyton Rous , United States, for his discovery that viruses can cause tumours .[57] 1966 – Charles Brenton Huggins , United States, for using hormonal treatment of prostate cancer .[57] 1967 – Ragnar Granit , Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline , and George Wald , United States, for their discoveries about how the eye works.[58] 1968 – Robert W. Holley (U.S), Har Gobind Khorana (India ), and Marshall W. Nirenberg , United States, for their understanding of the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis .[59] 1969 – Max Delbrück , Alfred Hershey , and Salvador Luria , United States, for finding how viruses reproduce.[60] David Baltimore, 1975 1970 – Julius Axelrod , Ulf von Euler , Sweden, and Sir Bernard Katz , United Kingdom, for finding out about transmittors in the nerve terminals and how they work[61] 1971 – Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., United States, for his discoveries about hormones [62] 1972 – Gerald M. Edelman , United States, and Rodney R. Porter , United Kingdom, for finding out the chemical structure of antibodies [63] 1973 – Karl von Frisch , Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz , Austria, and Nikolaas Tinbergen , United Kingdom, for their discoveries about individual and social behaviour patterns[64] 1974 – Albert Claude , Christian de Duve , Belgium , and George E. Palade , United States, for their discoveries about cells [65] 1975 – David Baltimore , Howard Temin , and Renato Dulbecco , United States, for finding what happens when tumour causing viruses infect normal cells.[66] 1976 – Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek , United States, for their discoveries about the beginnings and spreading of infectious diseases [67] 1977 – Roger Guillemin , Andrew W. Schally , United States, for their discoveries about how the brain makes peptide hormone [68] 1977 – Rosalyn Yalow , United States, for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones [68] 1978 – Werner Arber , Switzerland, Daniel Nathans , United States, and Hamilton O. Smith , United States for finding restriction enzymes and their use in molecular genetics"[69] 1979 – Allan M. Cormack , United States, and Godfrey N. Hounsfield , United Kingdom, for the development of computer assisted tomography[70] Sune Bergström, 1982 1980 – Baruj Benacerraf , United States, Jean Dausset , France, and George D. Snell , United States, for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control immunological reactions [71] 1981 – Roger Sperry , United States, for finding out the role of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain [72] 1981 – David Hubel , United States, and Torsten Wiesel , Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system "[72] 1982 – Sune Bergström , Bengt I. Samuelsson , Sweden, and John R. Vane , United Kingdom, for their discoveries about prostaglandins.[73] 1983 – Barbara McClintock , United States, for her discovery of mobile genetic elements [74] 1984 – Niels K. Jerne , Denmark, Georges Köhler , Germany, Federal Republic of Germany, César Milstein , Argentina and the United Kingdom, for theories about the development and control of the immune system and the discovery of monoclonal antibodies are made[75] 1985 – Michael S. Brown , and Joseph L. Goldstein , United States, for finding out how cholesterol is controlled[76] 1986 – Stanley Cohen , United States, and Rita Levi-Montalcini , Italy and the United States, for their discoveries of growth factors [77] 1987 – Susumu Tonegawa , Japan , for his discovery how the genes make different antibodies [78] 1988 – Sir James Black United Kingdom, Gertrude B. Elion , and George H. Hitchings , United States, for finding important rules for drug treatment [79] 1989 – J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus , United States, found how disturbing a large family of genes that control the normal growth and division of cells, can cause normal cells to change into cancer cells.[80] Ferid Murad, 1998 1990 – Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas , United States, for their discoveries about organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of disease.[81] 1991 – Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann , Federal Republic of Germany, for finding what single ion channels do in cells.[82] 1992 – Edmond H. Fischer , Switzerland and the United States, and Edwin G. Krebs , United States, for finding reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological control mechanism.[83] 1993 – Richard Roberts , United Kingdom, and Phillip Sharp , United States, for their discoveries of split genes.[84] 1994 – Alfred G. Gilman , and Martin Rodbell , United States, for finding G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.[85] 1995 – Edward B. Lewis , United States, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard , Federal Republic of Germany, and Eric F. Wieschaus , United States, for finding how embryonic development is changed by genes.[86] 1996 – Peter C. Doherty ,Australia,and Rolf M. Zinkernagel , Switzerland, for finding how the immune system knows which cells are virus-infected.[87] 1997 – Stanley B. Prusiner , United States, for his discovery of prions , proteins that make people sick.[88] 1998 – Robert F. Furchgott , Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad , United States, for finding how nitric oxide works as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system .[89] 1999 – Günter Blobel , United States, for the discovery that proteins have built-in signals that control their transport and localization in the cell.[90] Luc Montagnier, 2008 2000 – Arvid Carlsson , Sweden, Paul Greengard , United States, and Eric Kandel , United States, for their discoveries about signal transduction in the nervous system .[91] 2001 – Leland Hartwell , United States, Tim Hunt , United Kingdom, and Sir Paul Nurse , United Kingdom, for finding the main controls in the cell cycle .[92] 2002 – Sydney Brenner , United Kingdom, H. Robert Horvitz , United States, and Sir John Sulston , United Kingdom, for their finding the genetic controls of organ development and programmed cell death .[93] [94] 2003 – Paul Lauterbur , United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield , United Kingdom, for inventing magnetic resonance imaging .[95] 2004 – Richard Axel and Linda Buck , United States, for finding small receptors and the organization of the olfactory system , (how we smell things).[96] 2005 – Barry Marshall and Robin Warren , Australia, for finding the bacterium Helicobacter pylori gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.[97] 2006 – Andrew Fire and Craig Mello , United States, for finding how RNA interference can switch genes on or off.[98] 2007 – Mario Capecchi , United States, Sir Martin Evans , United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies , United States, for finding a way to switch off genes in mouse embryonic stem cells . This leads to genetically changed mice.[99] 2008 – Harald zur Hausen , Germany, for finding the human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer . Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier , France, for finding the human immunodeficiency virus .[100] 2009 – Elizabeth Blackburn , Australia, Carol Greider , US, and Jack Szostak , England, for their work on chromosomes .[101] 2010 – Robert Edwards , U.K., for the development of in vitro fertilization .[102] 2011 – Bruce Beutler , U.S.A., Jules Hoffmann , France, for their discoveries about how innate immunity is activated.[103] Ralph Steinman , Canada/U.S.A. for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity .[103] (awarded posthumously) [104] [105] 2012 – John Gurdon , U.K., and Shinya Yamanaka , Japan, for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become stem cells .[106] 2013 – James Rothman , Randy Schekman , both US, and Thomas G. Sudhof, Germany for "discovering the molecular basis of neutrotransmitters release".[107] 2014 – John O'Keefe U.K./U.S., May-Britt Moser & Edvard Moser Norway for "discovering the cells that make a positing system in the brain" (the hippocampus as a mental map for spatial memory).[108] 2015 William C. Campbell (1/4)/ Satoshi Ōmura (1/4) / Tu Youyou (1/2) for therapy against (respectively) roundworm parasites, and malaria .[109] 2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi , Japan, for autophagy .[110] 2017 Michael Rosbash , Michael W. Young & Jeffrey C. Hall , all U.S., for "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm "[111] 2018 James P. Allison , U.S, Tasuku Honjo , Japan for "discovery of cancer therapy by inhibitation of negative immune regulation".[112] 2019 William Kaelin Jr. , U.S., Peter J. Ratcliffe , U.K., Gregg L. Semenza , U.S. for "their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability". 2020 Harvey J. Alter , U.S, Michael Houghton , U.K, & Charles M. Rice , U.S. for "the discovery of Hepatitis C virus". 2021 David Julius , U.S. and Ardem Patapoutian , U.S. for "discovories of receptors for temperature and touch ". 2022 Svante Pääbo , Sweden for "discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution ". 2023 Katalin Karikó , Hungary, Drew Weissman , U.S. for "discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective RNA vaccinees against COVID-19 ". 
