Nikolai II dari Rusia
Czar of Russia
(Dilencongkan dari Nicholas II dari Rusia)
Nikolai II (Bahasa Rusia: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов , tr. Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ftɐˈroj, nʲɪkɐˈlaj əlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪʨ rɐˈmanəf]) (18 Mei [G.L.: 6 Mei] 1868 – 17 Julai 1918) adalah Tsar terakhir Rusia, Putera Besar Finland, dan pemerintah pada nama Poland.[2] Gelaran rasmi baginda adalah Nikolai II, Maharaja dan Autokrat ke atas Rusia[3]; malah baginda kini dianggap sebagai Santo Nicholas si Pembawa Derita oleh Gereja Ortodoks Rusia.
Nicholas II | |
---|---|
Maharaja dan Autokrat ke atas Rusia | |
Pemerintahan | 1 November [G.L.: 20 Oktober] 1894 – 15 Mac 1917 |
Kemahkotaan | 26 Mei [G.L.: 14 Mei] 1896[1] |
Didahului oleh | Aleksandr III |
Diikuti oleh | Takhta dibubarkan De facto : Georgy Lvov (pengerusi kerajaan sementara) |
Pemakaman | Katedral Pyotr dan Pavel, Saint Petersburg, Persekutuan Rusia |
Pasangan | Alix dari Hesse |
Anakanda | Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich |
Kerabat | Kerabat Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov |
Ayahanda | Aleksandr III dari Rusia |
Bonda | Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar dari Denmark) |
Tandatangan |
Rujukan
Bacaan lanjut
- The Sokolov Report, in Victor Alexandrov, "The End of The Romanovs", London: 1966
- Boris Antonov, Russian Czars, St.Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers (ISBN 5-93893-109-6)
- Michael M. Baden, Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation, In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition). Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174-183, Springfield, Illinois: 2006
- Paul Grabbe, "The Private World of the Last Czar" New York: 1985
- Ferro, Marc, Nicholas II: Last of the Czars. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-508192-7); 1995 (paperback, ISBN 0-19-509382-8)
- Genrikh Ioffe, Revoliutsiia i sud'ba Romanovykh Moscow: Respublika, 1992 (Rusia)
- Coryne Hall & John Van der Kiste, Once A Grand Duchess : Xenia, Sister of Nicholas II, Phoenix Mill, Sutton Publishing Ltd., 2002 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7509-2749-6)
- Greg King, The Court of the Last Czar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II 2006
- Greg King and Penny Wilson, "The Fate of the Romanovs" 2003
- Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias. 1993.
- Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra 1999
- Marvin Lyons, Nicholas II The Last Czar, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974 (hardcover, ISBN 0710078021)
- Shay McNeal, "The Secret Plot to Save the Czar" 2001
- Robert K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra 1967
- Robert K. Massie, The Romanovs. The Final Chapter 1995, ISBN 0394580486
- Bernard Pares, "The Fall of the Russian Monarchy" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988
- John Perry [disambiguation needed] and Konstantin Pleshakov, The Flight of the Romanovs. 1999.
- Edvard Radzinsky, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II (1992) ISBN 0-385-42371-3
- Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
- Anthony Summers and Tom Mangold, The File on the Czar. 1976.
- Richard Tames, Last of the Czars, London, Pan Books Ltd, 1972
- Andrew M. Verner, The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution 1990
- Ian Vorres, The Last Grand Duchess, London, Finedawn Publishers, 1985 (hardcover)
- Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 2 2000
- Prince Felix Yussupov, Lost Splendour
- Elisabeth Heresch, "Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Lüge und Verrat". F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 1992
- The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 – March 1917. Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999
- Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937
- Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914–1917 Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929.
- Nicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914–1917. Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970.
- The Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938
- Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar. Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917.
- Paul Benckendorff, Last Days at Czarskoe Selo. London: 1927
- Sophie Buxhoeveden, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography London: 1928
- Pierre Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York: 1921
- A. A. Mossolov (Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935
- Anna Vyrubova, Memories of the Russian Court London: 1923
- A.Yarmolinsky, editor, "The Memoirs of Count Witte" New York & Toronto: 1921
- Sir George Buchanan (British Ambassador) My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, Cassell, 1923)
- Meriel Buchanan, Dissolution of an Empire, Cassell, 1932
- Gleb Botkin, The Real Romanovs, Fleming H. Revell Co, 1931
- Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir M. Khrustalev, The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995
- "The Personality Of The Czar: An Explanation, By A Russian Official Of High Authority". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. VIII: 5414–5430. 1904. Unknown parameter
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Pautan luar
- Nicholas_II di Curlie
- Nikolai II dari Rusia di laman Find A Grave
- Nikolai II dari Rusia di Pangkalan Data Nama-nama Terkenal
- The Execution of Czar Nicholas II, 1918, EyeWitness to History.
- Brief Summary of Czar
- Abdication Proclamation, 2 March 1917 (the signature was put in pencil) (translation included)
- Alexander Palace Time Machine
- Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition
- Frozentears.org A Media Library to Nicholas II and his Family.
- Scientists Reopen Czar Mystery
- Ipatiev House — Romanov Memorial An immensely detailed site on the historical context, circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov's execution.
- (Rusia) The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family, Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of execution of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918.
- (Rusia) Nikolay II — Life and Death, Edvard Radzinski. Later published in English as The Last Czar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II.
- New Russian Martyrs. Czar Nicholas and His Family. A story of life, canonization. Photoalbum.
- Russian History Magazine Articles about the Romanovs from Atlantis magazine.
- Russia's Last Czar Declared Victim of Repression - October 2008 (TIME magazine)
Nikolai II dari Rusia Cabang kadet bagi Kerabat Oldenburg Tarikh keputeraan: 18 Mei 1868 Tarikh kemangkatan: 17 Julai 1918 | ||
Gelaran pemerintah | ||
---|---|---|
Didahului oleh Alexander III | Tsar Rusia 1 November 1894 – 15 Mac 1917 | Dibubarkan Pembubaran monarki |
Duke Besar Finland 1 November 1894 – 15 Mac 1917 | Kosong Gelaran dipegang kemudian oleh Putera Frederick Charles dari Hesse | |
Kerabat diraja Rusia | ||
Didahului oleh Alexander III dari Rusia | Pewaris takhta Rusia 1881–1894 | Diikuti oleh: George dari Rusia |
Gelar sebagai penuntut | ||
Kehilangan gelaran Empayar dibubarkan | — TIDAK MEMERINTAH — Tsar Rusia 15 Mac 1917 – 17 Julai 1918 Alasan untuk kegagalan Pewarisan: Empayar dibubarkan pada tahun 1917 | Diikuti oleh: Cyril Vladimirovich |
Templat:Russian Revolution 1917Templat:Pretenders to the Russian throne since 1917Templat:Lists of Russians
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