Tentera Darat Imperial Jepun

Pada tahun 1941, Tentera Darat Imperial Jepun mempunyai 51 divisyen^[1] dan pelbagai artileri kegunaan khusus, unit kavalri, unit anti-pesawat, dan unit armor dengan jumlah 1,700,000 anggota. Pada permulaan Perang Dunia II, sebahagian besar Tentera Darat Jepun (27 divisyen) ditempatkan di China. Lagi 13 divisyen mempertahankan sempadan Mongolia, kerana timbul kebimbangan akan serangan yang mungkin dilakukan oleh pihak Soviet Union.^[1] Dari tahun 1942, pasukan ketumbukan telah dihantar ke Hong Kong (Tentera Darat Ke-23), Filipina (Tentera Darat Ke-14), Thailand (Tentera Darat Ke-15), Burma (Tentera Darat Ke-15), Hindia Timur Belanda (Tentera Darat Ke-16), dan Tanah Melayu (Tentera Darat Ke-25).^[2] Menjelang tahun 1945, terdapat 5.5 juta askar dalam Tentera Darat Imperial Jepun.

Dari tahun 1943, tentera Jepun mengalami kekurangan bekalan, terutamanya makanan, ubat-ubatan, peluru, dan persenjataan, sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh pencegahan bekalan dari kapal selam Bersekutu, dan kerugian bagi kapal-kapal Jepun, yang mana diterukkan lagi oleh persaingan lama dengan Tentera Laut Imperial Jepun. Kekurangan bekalan menyebabkan sejumlah besar pesawat pejuang tidak dapat digunakan kerana kekurangan alat ganti,^[3] dan "sebanyak dua pertiga daripada jumlah kematian tentera Jepun disebabkan oleh penyakit dan kebuluran".^[4]

Jenayah perang

Di sepanjang Perang China-Jepun Kedua dan Perang Dunia II, Tentera Darat Imperial Jepun telah menunjukkan banyak kekejaman dan terlibat dalam pelbagai kezaliman terhadap orang awam, serta tawanan perang – dengan Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Nanking menjadi contoh yang paling terkenal.^[5] Kekejaman tersebut di sepanjang peperangan menyebabkan berjuta-juta orang maut.^[6]

• 
  Tipe 97 Chi-Ha ialah kereta kebal sederhana Jepun yang paling banyak dihasilkan semasa Perang Dunia II.
• 
  Pakaian seragam Tentera Darat antara tahun 1941 dan 1945.
• Video propaganda Tentera Darat Imperial Jepun.

• Majlis Tertinggi Perang (Jepun)
• Pangkat Tentera Darat Imperial Jepun
• Tentera Laut Imperial Jepun
• Pengawal Imperial Jepun
• Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ekspedisi Selatan
• Pasukan Pertahanan Diri Darat Jepun

• Drea, Edward J. (2009). Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853–1945. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Drea, Edward J. (2003). "The Imperial Japanese Army (1868–1945): Origins, Evolution, Legacy". War in the Modern World Since 1815. Routledge. ISBN 0-41525-140-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Gilmore, Allison B. (1998). You Can't Fight Tanks with Bayonets: Psychological Warfare against the Japanese Army in the South West Pacific. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-803-22167-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Harries, Meirion; Harries, Susie (1994). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Humphreys, Leonard A. (1996). The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2375-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Jansen, Marius B. (2002). The Making of Modern Japan. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-6740-0334-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Jaundrill, Colin D. (2016). Benjamin A. Haynes (penyunting). Samurai to Soldier: Remaking Military Service in Nineteenth-Century Japan. Melissa Haynes. Cornell University Press. ISBN 1-50170-664-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Jowett, Philip (2002). The Japanese Army 1931–45 (1). Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-353-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Olender, Piotr (2014). Sino-Japanese Naval War 1894–1895. MMPBooks. ISBN 8-36367-830-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ravina, Mark (2004). The Last Samurai : The Life and Battles of Saigō Takamori. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-08970-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

• Barker, A.J. (1979) Japanese Army Handbook, 1939-1945 (London: Ian Allan, 1979)
• Best, Antony. (2002) British intelligence and the Japanese challenge in Asia, 1914-1941 (Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002).
• Chen, Peter. "Horii, Tomitaro". World War II Database.
• Bix, Herbert (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers.
• Denfeld, D. Colt. (1997) Hold the Marianas: The Japanese Defense of the Mariana Islands (White Mane Publishing Company, 1997).
• Coox, A.D. (1985) Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939 (Stanford UP, 1985)
• Coox, A.D. (1988) "The Effectiveness of the Japanese Military Establishment in the Second World War", in A.R. Millett and W. Murray, eds, Military Effectiveness, Volume III: the Second World War (Allen & Unwin, 1988), pp. 1–44
• Drea, Edward J. (1998). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
• Ford, Douglas. (2008) "'The best equipped army in Asia'?: US military intelligence and the Imperial Japanese Army before the Pacific War, 1919–1941." International journal of intelligence and counterintelligence 21.1 (2008): 86-121.
• Ford, Douglas. (2009) "Dismantling the ‘Lesser Men’and ‘Supermen’ myths: US intelligence on the imperial Japanese army after the fall of the Philippines, winter 1942 to spring 1943." Intelligence and National Security 24.4 (2009): 542–573. online
• Frühstück, Sabine. (2007) Uneasy warriors: Gender, memory, and popular culture in the Japanese army (Univ of California Press, 2007).
• Gruhl, Werner. (2010) Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931–1945 (Transaction Publishers).
• Hayashi, Saburo; Alvin D. Coox (1959). Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, VA: The Marine Corps Association.
• Kelman, Richard; Leo J. Daugherty (2002). Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman in World War II: Training, Techniques and Weapons. Zenith Imprint. ISBN 0-7603-1145-5.
• Kublin, Hyman. "The 'Modern' Army of Early Meiji Japan". The Far Eastern Quarterly, 9#1 (1949), pp. 20–41.
• Kuehn, John T. (2014) A Military History of Japan: From the Age of the Samurai to the 21st Century (ABC-CLIO, 2014).
• Norman, E. Herbert. "Soldier and Peasant in Japan: The Origins of Conscription." Pacific Affairs 16#1 (1943), pp. 47–64.
• Rottman, Gordon L. (2013) Japanese Army in World War II: Conquest of the Pacific 1941–42 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013).
• Rottman, Gordon L. (2012) Japanese Infantryman 1937–45: Sword of the Empire (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
• Sisemore, Major James D. (2015) The Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned (Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015).
• Wood, James B. (2007) Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable? (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007).
• Yenne, Bill. (2014) The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014).

Sumber utama

• United States War Department. TM 30–480 Handbook On Japanese Military Forces, 1942 (1942) online; 384pp; highly detailed description of wartime IJA by U.S. Army Intelligence.

• Axis History Factbook—Imperial Japanese Army (IJA)
• Overview of Imperial Japanese Army weapons and armaments in World War II
• Japanese war posters
• The PBS program "Victory in the Pacific."
• Imperial Japanese Army 3rd Platoon reenactor's resource
• Chen, Peter. "Horii, Tomitaro". WW2 Database.