Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta

Tafkunan da ke cikin calderas sun cika manyan ramuka da aka samu sakamakon rugujewar wani dutse mai aman wuta a lokacin da wani ya tashi. Tafkunan da ke cikin maars sun cika matsakaitan ramuka inda fashewar ta taso da tarkace a kusa da wata huci.

Tafkuna suna tasowa yayin da aka haifar da baƙin rami, a cikin ramin ramin, ruwa ya cika. Ruwan na iya fitowa daga hazo, zagayawa na ruwa na ƙasa (sau da yawa ruwan zafi mai zafi a yanayin ramukan volcanic) ko narkar da kankara . Matsayinsa yana tashi har sai an kai ma'auni tsakanin adadin ruwan da ke shigowa da fita. Tushen asarar ruwa guda ɗaya ko tare na iya haɗawa da ƙazantar ƙazamin ƙasa, ɓarkewar ƙasa, da kuma, a wurare, ɗigon ƙasa ko ambaliya lokacin da matakin tafkin ya kai mafi ƙasƙanci a gefensa. A irin wannan wurin kuma sirdi, babban ɓangaren tafkin yana ƙunshe ne kawai da dam ɗin dutsen da ke kusa da shi; ci gaba da yabo ta hanyar ko kuma fita daga saman dam din na iya lalata kayan da ke cikinsa, don haka rage matakin tabkin har sai an kafa wani sabon daidaito na kwararar ruwa, zaizayewa, da juriyar dutse. Idan kuma ɓangaren dam ɗin dutsen mai aman wuta ya lalace da sauri ko kuma ya gaza ta hanyar bala'i, abin da ya faru yana haifar da fashewa ko fashe ambaliya. Tare da canje-canje a yanayin muhalli na tsawon lokaci, faruwar irin wannan ambaliya ya zama ruwan dare ga kowane nau'in dam na halitta.

Wani sanannen tafkin rafi, wanda ke da suna iri ɗaya da fasalin yanayin ƙasa, shine tafkin Crater a Oregon . Yana cikin kalandar na Dutsen Mazama . Shine tafki mafi zurfi a Amurka tare da zurfin 594 metres (1,949 ft) . Kogin Crater ana ciyar da shi ne kawai ta hanyar ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara, ba tare da shigowa ko fita a saman ba, don haka yana ɗaya daga cikin tafkuna mafi tsabta a duniya.

Dutsen dutse mafi girma a duniya, 6,893-m (22,615-ft) Ojos del Salado a Chile, yana da tafki na dindindin kamar 100 metres (330 ft) a diamita a tsayin 6,390 metres (20,965 ft) a gefen gabas. Wataƙila wannan ita ce tafki mafi girma a kowane irin yanayi a duniya.

Saboda yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali, wasu tafkunan ramuka suna wanzuwa na ɗan lokaci. Tafkunan Caldera da bambanci na iya zama babba kuma mai dorewa. Misali, tafkin Toba ( Indonesiya ) ya samo asali ne bayan fashewar sa kimanin shekaru 75,000 da suka wuce. A kusa 100 kilometres (62 mi) ta 30 kilometres (19 mi) a tsayi da 505 metres (1,657 ft) zurfi a zurfin zurfinsa, Lake Toba shine mafi girman tafkin rafi a duniya.

Duk da yake yawancin tafkunan ramuka suna da kyau, kuma suna iya zama masu mutuwa. Iskar gas da ke fitowa daga tafkin Nyos a ( Kamaru ) yana shaƙatar da mutane 1,800 a 1986, kuma tafkunan ramuka irin su Dutsen Ruapehu (New Zealand) suna yawan taimakawa wajen lalata lahar .

Wasu idanun ruwa, koda yake samuwarsu yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ayyukan volcanic, yawanci ana kiransu tafkunan ramuka, gami da:

• Tafkunan da madatsun ruwa masu aman wuta suka haifar saboda lafa da ke gudana a wajen ginin dutsen mai aman wuta (kamar tafkin Garibaldi a Kanada, Tafkunan Fuji biyar a Japan)
• Rufe lagoons na atoll (kamar Clipperton lagoon), wanda tsarin samuwarsa shima yana nuna hanyoyin biogeomorphologic na gaba.
• Tafkunan da aka ci karo da su a kasan magudanan ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin magudanan ruwa masu aman wuta a cikin mahallin dutsen mai aman wuta, amma ba a cikin ginin dutsen mai aman wuta ba (kamar Trou de Fer a tsibirin Réunion ).

Afirka

• 
  Lake Barombi, Kamaru
• 
  Lake Mbalang, Kamaru
• 
  Lake Awing, Kamaru
• 
  Tafkin Dutsen Mbapit, Kamaru
• 
  Lake Tison, Kamaru
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  Tafkin Bambili, Arewa maso yammacin Kamaru
• 
  Tafkin Monoun ya fashe a shekarar 1984, kasar Kamaru
• 
  Lake Manengouba, Kamaru
• 
  Dutsen Dendi Double Crater Lake, Habasha (aka gani daga ISS )
• 
  Kogin Wonchi, Habasha
• 
  Dziani Dzaha, Mayotte

Antarctica da kuma sub-Antarctic tsibiran

Asiya

• 
  Tafkin sama, kogin kogin Paektu dake kan iyakar China da Koriya ta Arewa
• 
  Dutsen Aso Crater Lake, Japan
• 
  Taal volcano, Philippines
• 
  Tafkin Pinatubo, Philippines, an kafa shi ne bayan fashewar Dutsen Pinatubo a 1991

Turai

• 
  Kerið crater lake, Iceland

Amurka ta Arewa

• 
  Crater Lake a Oregon, Amurka
• 
  Katmai crater lake, Alaska, Amurika
• 
  Soda Lakes maar volcano a Nevada, Amurka
• 
  Irazú crater lake, Costa Rica
• 
  tafkin Maderas ( Tsibirin Ometepe ), Nicaragua
• 
  Lake Ilopango, El Salvador, tafkin kogi
• 
  Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador, tafkin kogi

Oceania

• 
  Niuafo'ou crater lake, Tonga

Kudancin Amurka

• 
  Cuicocha, Ecuador

• Tasiri tafkin rafi