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This page contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Vedic and Classical Sanskrit and Pali pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

Consonants
IPA^[1]	Nagari^[1]	IAST^[1] ^[2]	English approximation
k	क	k	skin
kʰ	ख	kh	kin
ɡ	ग	g	again
ɡʱ	घ	gh	loghouse
ŋ	ङ	ṅ	bank^[3]
tɕ	च	c	riches
tɕʰ	छ	ch	chew
dʑ	ज	j	juice
dʑʱ	झ	jh	hedgehog
ɲ	ञ	ñ	enjoyable^[3]
ʈ	ट	ṭ	stable
ʈʰ	ठ	ṭh	table
ɖ	ड	ḍ	American bird
ɖʱ	ढ	ḍh	American birdhouse
ɳ	ण	ṇ	American burn^[3]
t	त	t	eighth
tʰ	थ	th	table (but dental)
d	द	d	width
dʱ	ध	dh	redhead (but dental)
n	न	n	tenth
p	प	p	span
pʰ	फ	ph	pan
b	ब	b	about
bʱ	भ	bh	clubhouse
m	म	m	much
j	य	y	yak
r^[4]	र	r	Indian roti
l	ल	l	leaf
ʋ	व	v	between wine and vine
ɕ	श	ś	sheep
ʂ	ष	ṣ	American worship
s	स	s	soup
ɦ	ह	h	ahead

Vowels^[3]^[5]
IPA	Nagari	IAST^[2]	English approximation
ɐ	अ, प	a	comma
aː	आ, पा	ā	bra
i	इ, पि	i	sit
iː	ई, पी	ī	feet
u	उ, पु	u	look
uː	ऊ, पू	ū	loot
eː	ए, पे	e	Scottish wait
ɐːi̯^[6]	ऐ, पै	ai	hi
oː	ओ, पो	o	Scottish old
ɐːu̯^[7]	औ, पौ	au	how
Syllabic Consonants
r̩^[8]	ऋ, पृ	ṛ	Possibly like bird
r̩ː^[9]	ॠ, पॄ	ṝ	longer ṛ
l̩^[10]	ऌ, पॢ	ḷ	bottle
Vowel Diacritics
◌̃	ँ	◌̃/m̐	nasal vowel [ɐ̃], [ãː], [õː], etc.)^[3]
h	ः^[11]	ḥ	head

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Nagari	IAST^[2]	English equivalent
ˈ◌			stress^[12] (placed before stressed syllable)

Notes

References

Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.

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