The charts below show the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representations of Central and Tuscan Italian pronunciations. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Standard Italian phonemes, in bold, are followed by their most common phonetic values and their respective occurrence among dialects.Unless otherwise noted, unmentioned dialectal realizations are the same as for Standard Italian (e.g. Tuscan andando is [anˈdando], not [anˈnanno], and is therefore not listed below). Examples in the chart are spelled in Standard Italian.
The phonological processes described in the notes are normally valid at word boundaries as well.
Phoneme | Phones | Examples | Occurrence | English approximation |
---|---|---|---|---|
b | b | orbo, base, sembrare | all dialects | base |
libertà, una bibita | Tuscany and easternmost Umbria | |||
bː | most non-Tuscan dialects[2] | rib bone | ||
m | gamba, cambio | Rome, areas of Marche and southern Umbria[3] | mate | |
d | d | addentare, perdere | all dialects | date |
l | scaldare | parts of Marche | late | |
n | andando, sindaco | Rome, areas of Marche and southern Umbria[3] | nose | |
dz[4] | dz | gazza, manzo | all dialects[5] | lads |
dʒ | dʒ | Sergio, un giro | all dialects | jade |
dːʒ | logica, la gente | most non-Tuscan dialects[2] | mad joker | |
ʒ | Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[6] | leisure | ||
f | f | figli, effetto, confondere | all dialects | fade |
ɡ | ɡ | magro, agghindare | all dialects | game |
j | j | maiali, chiave | all dialects | Yale |
k | ɡ | ancora, in chiesa | Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] | game |
k | palchi, accanto | all dialects | scale | |
k̬ | amico, la cura | southern Tuscany and Lazio[8] | this game | |
h | most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[8] | hay | ||
l | l | ala, bellezza | all dialects | lane |
r ɾ | soldi, molto | Lazio, parts of Marche and southern Umbria | carro or caro in Spanish | |
ʎ[4] | j | maglio, tigli | Lazio | vermilion or vermilion |
ʎ | other dialects | |||
m | m | temperamento, ammirare | all dialects | main |
n | n | annona, lancio | all dialects[9] | nine |
ɲ | con gnomi | canyon | ||
ŋ | ingordo, ovunque | ring | ||
ɱ | inverno, canfora | comfit | ||
m | buon pasto, in modo tale | main | ||
ɲ[4] | ɲ | bagno, spegnere | all dialects | canyon |
p | b | tempo, in piazza | Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] | base |
p | pattini, arpa | all dialects | space | |
p̬ | dopo, i pini | southern Tuscany and Lazio[8] | this base | |
ɸ | most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[8] | between fay and pay | ||
r | r ɾ | cortometraggio, arrivo | all dialects[10] | carro or caro in Spanish |
s | s | sospiro, anglosassone | all dialects[11] | same |
ts | insieme, perso | rats | ||
ʃ | sospiro, anglosassone | southern areas of Umbria and Marche | shade | |
ʃ[4] | conscia, cuscino | all dialects | ||
t | d | tarantola, in Toscana | Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] | date |
t | costoletta, a Taranto | all dialects | state | |
t̬ | ditata, la tavola | southern Tuscany and Lazio[8] | this date | |
θ | most of Tuscany and easternmost Umbria[8] | thane | ||
ts[4] | ts | pazza, danzo, Lazio | all dialects[5] | rats |
tʃ | dʒ | conceria | Sabina, Marche, Ciociaria, areas of Umbria[7] | jade |
tʃ | ciao, nel cielo | all dialects[4][6] | chap | |
ʃ | cacio, ora di cena | shade | ||
v | v | cavallo, avremo | all dialects | vane |
w | w | squallido, guardare | all dialects | waste |
z | z | risma, bismuto | all dialects | laze |
rosa, visivo | Tuscany and easternmost Umbria | |||
s | most non-Tuscan dialects | same |
Phoneme | Phones | Occurrence | English approximation |
---|---|---|---|
a | a | all dialects | father (Midwest) |
e | e | all dialects | fader |
ɛ | non-Tuscan dialects[13] | feather | |
ɛ | all dialects | ||
e | non-Tuscan dialects[13] | fader | |
jɛ[14] | je | certain non-Tuscan dialects | yet |
jɛ | other dialects | ||
i | i | all dialects | eat |
o | o | all dialects | awful (RP) |
ɔ | non-Tuscan dialects[13] | off | |
ɔ | all dialects | ||
o | non-Tuscan dialects[13] | awful (RP) | |
wɔ[14] | ɔ | all dialects | off |
u | u | all dialects | roof |
Phoneme | Phones | Occurrence | English approximation |
---|---|---|---|
a | a | all dialects | father (Midwest) |
e | e | all dialects | fader |
i | certain non-Tuscan dialects[15] | eat | |
i | all dialects | ||
e | certain non-Tuscan dialects[15] | fader | |
o | o | all dialects | awful (RP) |
u | Sabina, southern areas of Umbria and Marche[16] | roof | |
u | all dialects |
IPA | Explanation |
---|---|
ˈ | primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable) |
ˌ | secondary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable) |
. | syllable separation indicator |
ː | long vowel or geminated consonant indicator |
Notes
See also
External links
- Vignuzzi, Ugo. "Italia mediana" [Central Italy]. Enciclopedia Treccani (in Italian).
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